Tyre Cleaning and Care

Something that Mr. Goodyear discovered by accident, greatly improves wear resistance, and coincidentally, wet traction, it does not make the rubber harder or softer. The polymerization of butyl rubber changes its wear rate and traction, carbon black is the most important feature in traction.

There are two main degrading agents that attack tyres and rubber trim; ultra violet radiation and ozone. Both of these attack the long hydrocarbon chains of the rubber and, by breaking these bonds, shorten the molecules, with resulting loss of elasticity.

Tyre Construction Materials

Tyres can age prematurely and cause rubber to crack due to improper maintenance. Rubber used in tire is based on polymerizing isoprene, which forms a polyunsaturated polymer (Polyisoprene) is the basic elastomer used in tyre construction. Styrene-butadiene co-polymer (SBR) is a synthetic rubber which is often substituted in part for natural rubber based on the comparative raw materials cost. Polybutadiene is used in combination with other rubbers because of its low heat build-up properties

Externally

The tyres sidewalls make it resistant to abrasion and chemical attack. Sidewall material includes antioxidants and Antiozonants to help maintain strength and flexibility. This goes on in and behind the sidewalls on which you can see the tyre makers name and the various code digits that the confirm tyres size and rating.

The tyre beads lie at the edges of the sidewalls. They are bands of high tensile steel wire, coated with an alloy of copper or brass to prevent corrosion. The beads, inside their rubber casings, are strong points in tyres. They are what hold it firmly to the wheel and help seal in the air. The apex is the section that joins the bead and sidewall. Triangular in section, it is the cushion between the two.

         Belt package

This lies beneath the tread, which consists of a two rubber layers sandwiching a layer of steel cords. Here is where radial tyres get their name; the cords run radially in the package. This steelwork gives the tyre the strength to resist dents from road impacts.

Like the sidewalls, the tread is a visible part of a car tyre. The tread compound is as important as the tread pattern. Tyres made of hard compounds wear well, while softer ones grip the road better, so compromise, becomes a necessity with passenger tyres

            Tyre body

The body ply, which consists of three layers, one of rubber, one of reinforcing fabric and a second layer of rubber. Rayon, nylon, polyester or Kevlar have replaced cotton as the reinforcing fabric and it is the tyres one or two body plies that give it structural strength while making it flexible.

Materials used

• Rubber - 38%

• Fillers (carbon black, silica, carbon chalk) - 30%

• Reinforcing materials (steel, rayon, nylon) - 16%

• Plasticizers (oils and resins) - 10%

• Chemicals for vulcanization – 4%

• Chemicals as antioxidants – 1%

• Miscellaneous – 1%

Antiozonant

[: a chemical compound that prevents or slows down the degradation of material caused by ozone gas in the air (ozone cracking)] [1]

Also known as anti-ozonant, they are used as additives to plastics and rubber, especially in tyre manufacturing.

If you were to see rubber going into a tyre factory, it would be grey, not black. Untreated tyres would have a very short life if they weren't protected against the elements and the environment, so amongst other ingredients, Carbon Black is added during the manufacturing process.

a) Carbon Black- protects the tyre against ultra violet radiation (UVR) by absorbing them and converting them into heat so it can be diffused safely. But the Carbon Black has a limited life-span because, as it does its job, it diminishes itself. As carbon black loses the ability to do its job, it turns grey. This is why rubber greys as it ages. When it is no longer there to protect the tyre, the original grey rubber colour starts to reappear.

b) Antiozonants- along with carbon black, the tyre manufacturer mixes in antiozonant and other protective ingredients to repel ozone from the rubber. The unsaturation will react with ozone, which breaks down causing cracking. These waxes and polymers migrate through the tyre at a molecular level to form a barrier against harmful ozone and ultra violet degradation. As the tyres move (with the car being driven) the rubber flexes and heats up, allowing tiny amounts of the wax to surface. When a vehicle is not being driven (i.e. classic show cars, winter storage, etc.) then without this action and the rubber can easily dry out and rot.

c) Blooming - after the antiozonant works its way to the outside of the tyre and is exposed to the ozone in the air, it oxidizes and turns brown. The technical term for this effect is blooming. Many chemical compounds, especially solvents, react vigorously at ambient temperatures as the oxidizing process takes place between water and the tyre polymer-binding agents. Water tends to wash away the natural oils and micro-waxes that help to maintain the tyres flexibility

d) Solvents - Michelin, Bridgestone, Firestone and most other tyre companies advise against the use of Dimethal solvent tyre dressings (non water- based) because they leach the rubber additives to the tyre surface, which then removes the elasticity from vinyl, rubber and paint; causing them to evaporate out of the substrate and could result in premature drying and cracking, leaving behind a dry inflexible surface.

Tyre Cleaning

The slightly porous nature of rubber (however this varies according to the polymers used) attracts oils, dirt, brake dust and road grime. For any type of protection to work efficiently on rubber it must be able to adhere to the surface. First remove any brake dust, blooming, road tar, grease and grime, silicone and oxidized rubber from the surface to properly clean it.

The key to tyre dressing durability is deep cleaning the tyre, spray or apply your cleaner allow to soak in for a minute or two and then use the power of your dual action car polisher to deep clean carpet brush. This durable 5 inch brush attaches to a backing plate via hook and loop. Instantly transform your random orbital polisher into a multi-purpose scrubber (Porter Cable, FLEX XC3401and etc.) or scrub by hand with a fairly stiff tyre brush, once clean you should be able to take an old white dry terry towel and rub the tyre surface, it should be almost pristine (if not repeat). Tyre cleaner needs to be strong enough to tackle a heavy build-up of tyre dressings, silicone and road grime, but not damage wheel coatings.

Griot's Garage has two excellent products for cleaning rubber. Griot's Garage Rubber Cleaner is for regular cleanings; like a car wash for your tires, cleans rubber tires, trim, and hoses to prepare them for a coat of protectant, it will also removes the white mould release from new tyres. Rubber protectants bond better with clean rubber.

Griot's Garage Rubber Prep is an intense cleaner for heavily soiled rubber tires, trim, mouldings, seals, and hoses, which strips away silicones, sealants, waxes, oils and greases to properly prepare the rubber This gel rubber cleaner removes old dressings and road grime to prepare the surface for a coat of rubber protectant by getting down to the bare tyre rubber; apply with a terry towel to provide some agitation..

Finish tyre cleaning by using a micro fibre towel, the micro barbs in its nap will remove any leftover dirt / debris. Micro fibre came about by combining two DuPont inventions: hydrophobic Polyester (a scrubbing fibre) which also gives the material strength and durability and a hydrophilic Polyamide (an absorbing fibre) that is tremendously absorbent and quick drying

A quality citrus-based cleaner (P21S® Total Auto Wash) should clean the tyres down to the original rubber surface, this is especially important when you apply a new dressing, as dressings won't adhere to, or create the right shine on dirty rubber or silicone residue. This tyre cleaner is a strong concentrate; spray-and-rinse, without scrubbing, if you are starting on an old, neglected surface, use a fairly stiff tyre brush for the first application and a spray & rinse at least 3-4 times a year

Alternative products – Optimum™ Polymer Technologies - Power Clean (diluted 3:1 - 5:1) doesn’t cause leaching or premature aging or P21S® Total Auto Wash

Both Optimum Tire Shine and Opti-Bond Tire Gel are water-based, both are solvent free and contain ozone and UV blockers, Power Clean also is a mild cleaner that does not cause leaching or premature aging of tires.

Ultra Violet Radiation (UVR) Protection

Providing protection from ultra violet radiation (UVR) is very important to avoid photo synthesis (colour fading) particularly in an open-air roadster/convertible (303™ Aerospace Protectant ) UVR protection is a sacrificial / renewable component; this is due to the UV protection layer being degraded by exposure to the elements (sun, sand, road or sea salt, and etc.) so it is imperative that you renew it and needs to be re-applied on a regular 45 to 60 day basis (dependent upon location climatic condition)

Application- use 303™ Aerospace Protectant on a clean surface (there are no cleaning agents in this product) spray product onto a cloth and the surface to be protected should be wet, not just damp. Use a clean, dry cloth and agitate to ensure the protected surface is dry (this product does not air-dry) After application allow 60 minutes for product to cure, then using a 100% cotton cloth to lightly buff surface

Streaking (No, not the kind you see at Rugby matches) ensure that you are not using too much product; a thin layer is all that's required. Be sure also that both your surface and the applicator is clean and has not become saturated. In general, a quick wipe down with a microfiber towel should remove the excess and eliminate it

Ultra Violet Radiation Stabilizers

Ultra Violet Radiation Stabilizers are a group of chemical agents with the ability to counteract or neutralize the harmful effects of radiation. Competitive absorbers provide protection by converting UV light to heat so it can dissipate harmlessly.

Other UV stabilizers work differently, but all UV stabilizers are consumed as they do their job. In a way, they serve as sacrificial molecules, taking the abuse from radiation instead of the material they are protecting.

Due to the protection layer being degraded by exposure to the elements (sun, sand, road or sea salt, and etc.) the stabilizers have to be periodically renewed or replenished if continuing protection is to be achieved, there is no such thing as a permanent protection, it a matter of physics, not chemistry, so it is imperative that you renew it or your surfaces will degrade

Notes:

1. Eimann Fabrik Tyre Cleaner & Whitewall Brightener is specifically designed to clean tyres also contains optical brighteners to clean and refresh whitewalls and white lettering. Some tyre cleaners contain bleach to brighten whitewalls but bleach can turn the carbon black in tyres a dull grey colour

2. Bleche-Wite® Whitewall Cleaner- contains Butyl Cellosolve (2-butoxyethanol) Sodium Met silicate and Sodium Hydroxide, which are alkaline (pH 13.5) none of which are particularly paint, rubber or human friendly. It will stain / etch clear coat painted wheels and zinc rotors as well as drying out tyres

3. Amazing Roll Off and Purple Power all contain Butyl Cellosolve (2-butoxyethanol) Sodium Met silicate and Sodium Hydroxide, which are acidic, none of which are particularly paint, rubber or environmentally friendly. It may stain / etch clear coat painted wheel surfaces and zinc rotors as well as drying out tyres

Tyre Dressings

As every Concours d'elegance participant knows, dull or weathered tyres spoil the look of an otherwise immaculate vehicle. Matte black tyres with a natural sheen are quite simply the final touch to an otherwise perfectly prepared vehicle.

Detailing relies on the correct preparation procedures and the correct methodology to obtain pristine results. For any tyre protect ant to work well on rubber it must be applied to a clean surface.

Use an ultra-safe formula that contains no petroleum distillates or volatile organic compounds (VOC), which are known to crack vinyl and rubber (Opti-Bond Tire Gel is a safe, water-based formula) A rubber will remove old dressing, any dead rubber and properly prepare your tyre for the application of a protective product. The porous nature of rubber and polymers attracts dirt, dust, and brake dust and road grime.

DO NOT USE tyre dressing on motorcycles, bicycles, or other two-wheeled vehicles tyres or seats avoid spraying onto brake rotors, brake drums or brake pedals.

CarPro PERL Coat - is a durable, water based protective coating that that contains UV protection and is designed to be used on all exterior rubber and vinyl, including tyres. For a durable (up to three months) low glass, natural look, it can be diluted depending on the desired look and the surface being treated. Recommend dilution ratios - External plastics 1: 3, Tyres 1:1, Interior vinyl 1:5

Application

• Pour diluted Perl Coat solution into a spray bottle.

• Apply to a clean dust / dirt free surface

• Shake the diluted mixture well before use. Spray on surface from 20cm distance and wipe off with a microfiber towel.

• PERL Coat can also be applied to tyres and rubber / vinyl trim with a sponge applicator.

Protection Water- based vs. Solvent-based

Petroleum distillates (oils) will remove or break down the protective polymers and waxes in tires the difference between water and solvent based is in the carrier system used. Solvent based products use a hydrocarbon silicone to suspend the product. When you apply it, the solvent evaporates leaving the dressing's active ingredients (silicone oil) behind; this type of silicone leaves a high gloss shine and will repel water longer but it is non-biodegradable. Most high gloss products are based upon (DMS) solvents.

Water-based dressings (usually a milky-white liquid) use a combination of natural oils and polymers to offer a non-greasy, satin finish

Water- based dressings

Pros - fast drying, non-greasy, non-slick finish, matte sheen and environmentally friendly

Cons- limited durability when exposed to the elements, potential for streaking in rain

For vehicles fitted with ceramic brakes and / or pads; products that contain DMS solvents are not recommended as it can contaminate the pads and render them ineffective

Silicone [: more precisely called polymerized siloxanes or polysiloxanes, silicones are mixed inorganic-organic polymers with the chemical formula [R2SiO] n] [1]

Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) [belong to a group of polymeric organ silicon compounds, which are commonly referred to as silicones.] CAS number - 63148-62-9 (PDMS) sometimes called 

Dimethicone, is optically clear, and, in general, is considered to be inert, non-toxic and non-flammable.

a) Water-based silicone dressings - usually a milky-white liquid that don’t contain petroleum distillate solvents that can harm rubber and/or vinyl over time; water-based dressings use a combination of natural oils and polymers that coat and bond to offer a non-greasy, satin finish

(Zaino Z-16 Perfect Tyre Gloss or Swisswax Pneu) Some of these products also contain ultra violet radiation (UVR) blocking agents to help keep tyres from cracking, fading and hardening. Most, if not all water-based dressings are biodegradable whereas solvent- based silicone is not.

b) Solvent-based silicone dressings - usually a clear greasy liquid, Dimethalsiloxane (DMS) (paraffinic hydrocarbons) that contain petroleum solvents as a cleaning agent. These penetrating-type silicone oils form a flexible protective shield that prevents penetration of moisture and dirt. Most silicone dressings, although very durable, leave a never-dry high gloss film, they remove the elasticity from vinyl, rubber and paint; causing them to evaporate out of the substrate, leaving behind a dry inflexible surface.

When a solvent-based tyre dressing combines with carbon black it forms a liquid that when slung on the plastic body parts of a lighter colour will irreparably stain the paint

Most high gloss products are based upon DMS silicone oil, the difference between water and solvent based is in the carrier system used. Solvent based products use a hydrocarbon silicone to suspend the product. When you apply it, the solvent evaporates leaving the dressing's active ingredients (Silicone oil) behind; solvent-based silicone is not environmentally friendly / biodegradable

Many tyre manufacturers (BF Goodrich, Goodyear, Michelin, Pirelli, etc.) have issued technical service bulletins advising against the use of tyre dressings containing Dimethalsiloxane (DMS) a petroleum distillate solvent. This type of solvent will dissolve away the protective waxes and can actually aggressively compromise the sidewall. In the event of warranty sidewall failure, one of the first things tyre manufacturers look for is evidence of the use of these types of products. When found, this is often the cause for not warranting the tyre’s sidewall failure.

The big three auto companies (Ford, General Motors and Chrysler) have issued advisories or technical bulletins to their dealers to not use heavy petroleum distillate-dimethyl silicone oil dressings for another reason; paint and wheel surface staining. Auto companies have found that it is next to impossible to remove the stains, In some cases, even repainting the part doesn’t' t work as the stain comes back through the new paint, requiring the part to be replaced. Most factory styled wheels are coated with a clear coat type of coating. Some are more porous than others and use of an incorrect dressing may stain them the same as the body parts.

Tire Dressing Overspray (Sling)

As you drive the tyres rotate and the inertia can cause tyre dressing to ‘sling’. Tyre manufacturers use carbon black to protect them against ultra violet radiation. Using a dimethal solvent-based dressing (usually a clear greasy liquid) emulsifies it, if this contaminated dressing comes in contact with your paint and if it dries it will it will dye / cause a stain; it’s especially noticeable on light coloured and can irreparably stain the paint light colours.

                Remedy- This can be caused by (a) applying the product to an improperly cleaned surface, to which it cannot adhere too. The preparation of the surface is the cause of this problem not the product (B) and / or an excess of product, after the dressing has penetrated remove any excess. Apply a thin and even coating and then buff surface with a clean dry towel 5-10 minutes later to remove any excess and even out the coating.

Removal - removing tyre dressing ‘sling’, exhaust carbon or petroleum gas stains from paintwork. Use a Limonene based (citrus) cleaner 3M Citrus Cleaner Adhesive Remover Spray, ValuGuard "N" New Car Prep, P21S Paintwork Cleaner or Klasse All-In-One, failing this use an abrasive polish / pad.

Unfortunately, the only permanent remedy is to remove the stained paint down to e-coat, primer and base coat, clear coat (BC_CC)

Tyre Storage

The Tyre Garage lets you to safely store seasonal tyres outside, which frees up extra space in your storage areas. This innovative, new product is made of the same rugged, weatherproof material used for boat covers and awnings. It retains its colour and strength for years of normal exposure to sunlight and rain. It also resists mildew and cleans easily Also great for inside storage, it will cover up that unsightly pile of tyres - TOTL

• Pack each tyre separately in tyre covers (TireTote) storage bags will work just as well, provided that they are sealed.

• Store the winter tyres in a cool, dry place. Basements and garages are good storage places, as well as temperature regulated, water proof sheds. If none of these options are available, contact a reputable tyre dealer that offers tyre storage.

• Stack the tyres flat on their sides, not more than four tyres high. Tyres stacked more than four high are unstable and can tip over.

• Check the tyre pressure for each set of tyres when it's time to remount the tyres. Consult the manufacturer's instructions for the appropriate tyre pressure

I hope the above article was informative. By having some understanding of the ‘What’ and ‘Why’ as well as the ‘How’ along with a little science to help you understand how the chemicals we use react, you can achieve the results you desire. I would like to think that these articles become an asset to anyone who is new to detailing and to professionals alike, as well as industry experts who seek to advance their knowledge.

I would appreciate it if you would share this article as it helps other detailers further their knowledge. Questions and/ or constructive comments are always appreciated.

Copyright © 2002 - 2012 TOGWT® (Established 1980) all rights reserved

Petroleum distillates - What are they?

[:The word petroleum derived from the Latin ‘Petra’ and ‘Oleum’, literally means "rock oil" and refers to hydrocarbons that occur in sedimentary rocks of the Earth's crust]

Petroleum distillates is the term commonly used to refer to aliphatic hydrocarbons. Aliphatic hydrocarbons can actually be divided into two groups: petroleum distillates and synthetic paraffinic hydrocarbons. We use petroleum distillates to mean both types of products.

•Petroleum distillates include mineral spirits, kerosene, white spirits, naphtha, and Stoddard solvent. These products may contain trace amounts of benzene and other aromatics.

• When compared to petroleum distillates, the paraffinic hydrocarbons have lower flammability, lower aromatic content, narrower boiling range, and higher solvency. They are also more expensive than the petroleum distillates.

• The petroleum distillates (and paraffinic hydrocarbons) work well on hard-to clean organic soils such as heavy oil and ease, tar, and waxes.

• These products typically have low liquid surface tensions (22 to 28 dynes/cm).This allows them to penetrate and clean small spaces.

• Petroleum distillates typically operate at near room temperatures. This is due to the flammability of the products. However, the flash points may be higher than that of terpenes.

• Petroleum distillates are usually used in immersion baths.

• Ultra Sonic’s may or may not work, depending on the particular product.

• Petroleum distillates can typically handle high soil loads.

• When the cleaning power of the bath is exhausted, the entire bath usually needs to be replaced.

• Petroleum distillates are compatible with most materials including most elastomers. Mineral spirits may not be compatible with EPDM, SBR, and Silicone.

• Petroleum distillates are frequently used in manual wipe-down processes.

• Aliphatic hydrocarbons are often blends containing oxygenated hydrocarbons.

Flash points are higher than that of terpenes and traditional solvents. Lower flash points mean faster drying but more danger of burning.

Distillation is the basic process used to separate and purify the components of crude oil

Anyone making a blanket statement that products containing petroleum distillates (which include Silicone) are harmful has no real knowledge of petroleum refining. The advancement of this type of misinformation is usually meant to take advantage of the consumer's lack of knowledge in order to sell something that wouldn't sell otherwise, which reflects the seamier side of negative marketing / advertising.

Petroleum distillates, also called hydrocarbons or petrochemicals, refer to a broad range of compounds, thick natural oil obtained from beneath the earth, which are extracted by distillation during the refining of crude oil. During the fractional distillation of petroleum, crude oil is heated to (Catalytic cracking) allow various compounds to turn from liquid into vapour and then captured as they rise, cool, and condense.

Lighter, more volatile compounds rise higher before they condense and are collected on distillation trays. Heavier, less volatile compounds such as diesel fuel and oil are collected on lower distillation trays. Waxes and asphalts are collected from the bottom after the other products have volatilized.

Petroleum distillates are found in a wide variety of consumer-products including lip gloss, liquid gas, fertilizer, furniture polish, pesticides, plastics, paint thinners, solvents, motor oil, fuels and hundreds of other products. That a product contains petroleum distillates does not necessarily make that product harmful but it does depend upon which petroleum distillate is used and whither it has been further purified Petroleum distillates listed commonly on labels of general household products are those that distil off around naphtha’s. Petroleum jelly, a petroleum distillate product, is generally regarded as non-toxic.

Petroleum distillates contain both aromatic hydrocarbons (carbon rings) and aliphatic hydrocarbons (straight carbon chains). The chemical structure of the hydrocarbon largely defines the nature and behaviour of these compounds.

Distillates [: a substance that has been distilled to remove impurities] Distillation is the basic process used to separate and purify the components of crude oil; the distilled or purified portion of crude oil usually contains three general classes of compounds: Aromatic, Naphthenic and Paraffinic Hydrocarbons.

a) Aromatic hydrocarbons- [: the term 'aromatic' was assigned before the physical mechanism determining aromaticity was discovered, and was derived from the fact that many of the compounds have a sweet scent, the term aromatic in chemistry is no longer associated with aroma, and many aromatic compounds have no smell] are the most toxic compounds found in petroleum products, and include such substances as naphthalene, xylene, toluene, and benzene. 

Most aromatic hydrocarbons are long-term toxins and known cancer causing agents, they are great solvents and a base for many types of useful compounds. The configuration of six carbon atoms in aromatic compounds is known as a benzene ring, after the simplest possible such hydrocarbon, benzene. Aromatic hydrocarbons can be monocyclic or polycyclic. They are a perfect ingredient for making such things carburettor cleaner or a tar remover where strong solvency is needed.

b) Naphthenic hydrocarbons- (aka Cyclo paraffins) after further distillation aliphatic are used to make Naphthenic oil, a type of mineral oil. In contrast with paraffinic oils, naphthenic oils contain only low to no proportion of n-alkanes, being based on cycloalkanes (naphthenes) instead. The low-temperature behaviour of naphthenic oils is better than of paraffinic oils, making them suitable for applications that require low pour point. The degradation products of naphthenic oils are soluble in the oils, leading to fewer problems with formations of sludge’s and deposits. Naphthenic oils have different solvent properties than paraffinic oils. Naphthenic oils are characterized by high proportion of cyclic hydrocarbon fraction. The convention is that when the paraffinic carbon content is less than 55-60%, the oil is labelled as naphthenic.

The principal uses of naphthenic oils are as transformer oils, coolants, solvents, cutting fluids, and some lubricants, .light oils, solvents and even as a base for things like detergents and paint dryers and include methane, propane, and kerosene,

c) Aliphatic hydrocarbons - the simplest aliphatic compound is methane (CH4). Aliphatic include alkanes such as fatty acids and paraffin hydrocarbons, alkenes (such as ethylene) and alkynes (such as acetylene).In organic chemistry, compounds composed of carbon and hydrogen are divided into two classes: aromatic compounds, which contain benzene rings or similar rings of atoms, and aliphatic compounds (G. aleiphar, fat, oil), which do not contain aromatic rings. 

In aliphatic compounds, carbon atoms can be joined together in straight chains, branched chains, or non-aromatic rings (in which case they are called alicyclic). They can be joined by single bonds (alkanes), double bonds (alkenes), or triple bonds (alkynes). Besides hydrogen, other elements can be bound to the carbon chain, the most common being oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, and chlorine. Most aliphatic compounds are flammable, allowing the use of hydrocarbons as fuel, such as methane in Bunsen burners, and acetylene in welding.

d) Paraffin [: the name is derived from the Latin parum (= barely) + affinis with the meaning here of "lacking affinity", or "lacking reactivity”] - the simplest paraffin molecule is that of methane, CH4, a gas at room temperature. Heavier members of the series, such as that of octane C8H18, appear as liquids at room temperature. The solid forms of paraffin, called paraffin wax, are from the heaviest molecules from C20H42 to C40H82. Paraffin wax was identified by Carl Reichenbach in 1830] paraffin compounds have much less solvency and usually are purified further. 

They are used in a myriad of consumer products, such as a coating for milk cartons and as ingredients in many lotions and skin creams. Crystal clear white oils are used as a laxative, to coat pans in bakeries and as a base for medicines. Paraffin wax refers to the solids with n=20–40. Paraffin compounds are perfect for use as a component in automotive waxes and polishes and those products used to treat painted surfaces, vinyl and plastic. Further purification produces Cyclo Paraffin and it is used in many pharmaceutical and skin beauty products, they are also used in car care waxes and polishes, they are used as a carrier system as they easily dissolve wax and provide spread ability and a lubricant for waxes, machine polishes and glazes.

e) Cyclo Paraffin - hydrocarbons are used in many car care products and perform many different and important functions. They are also used in many cleaning products as solvents to quickly emulsify oils, grease road tar and grime. They will not harm plastics, vinyl or rubber nor will they remove any important components like flex agents, plasticizers and etc., while it helps to clean and replace necessary oils to their surface. Waxes derived from petroleum are much easier to recover, and offer a wide range of physical properties that can often be tailored by refining processes.

Most producers offer two distinct types of petroleum waxes;

1. Paraffin- [:liquid paraffin has a number of names, including nujol, mineral spirits, adepsine oil, alboline, glymol, liquid paraffin, medicinal paraffin, saxol, or USP mineral oil] distinguished by large, well-formed crystals and micro-crystalline, higher melting waxes with small, irregular crystals. Some producers also sell "intermediate" wax, the boiling range cut where the transition in crystal size and structure occurs. Paraffin wax produced from petroleum is essentially a pure mixture of normal and iso-alkanes without the esters, acids, etc. found in the animal and vegetable-based waxes. A typical composition for mineral spirits: aliphatic solvent hexane having a maximum aromatic hydrocarbon content of 0.1% by volume, is listed as a potential carcinogen in the MSDS

2. Petroleum wax - producers also characterize wax by degree of refinement: fully refined paraffin has oil content generally less than 0.5%, and fully-refined micro-crystalline less than 1.5%; "slack wax" - precursors to the fully refined versions in either case would have oil content above 2% and as high as 35% by weight.

3. Ultra violet radiation (UVR) protection- The use of petroleum distillates allows premium ultra violet (UV) radiation absorbers to be included in the formulation (as an oil-in-water emulsion or by utilizing a resin as its carrier system) as the most effective ones are not soluble in water. This can provide excellent protection against deterioration, chalking and fading caused by sunlight for various plastics, rubber and vinyl dressings. It should be noted that the protection needs to be renewed periodically as it lessens over time.

Silicone (Siloxane) oils - are polymers that include silicon together with carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and sometimes other chemical elements, which provide an excellent lubricant that when used as a carrier system in polishes and waxes that makes them easier to apply and remove When used in paints and other coatings it ensures an even flow through a spray nozzle ensuring an even product distribution. It not silicone that you need worry about, just the 'type' (what it’s formulated with) you need to be aware of. Silicone oils provide an excellent lubricant that when used as a carrier system in polishes and waxes that makes them easier to apply and remove When used in paints and other coatings it ensures an even flow through a spray nozzle ensuring an even product distribution.

Products that contain petroleum distillates must be labelled with the phrase, “Contains petroleum distillates”, regardless of the properties of the distillate used in its formulation. This labelling is mandated by the Consumer Product Safety Commission (a federal government agency) this warning is provided to help doctors and emergency personnel decide how best to treat in gestation. These warnings have nothing to do with product performance or suitability; the directions for use and other cautions are for information only

Information resource

1.        U.S. Environmental Protection Agency website

2.        EPA/Purdue University Study 2001

3.        American Association of Industrial Hygiene (AAIH)

4.        American Petroleum Institute (API) publications

5.        National Petrochemical & Refiners Association (NPRA)

6.        U.S. National Library of Medicine - http://householdproducts.nlm.nih.gov/index.htm

I would like to think that these articles become an asset to anyone who is new to detailing and to professionals alike, as well as industry experts who seek to advance their knowledge.

I hope the above article was informative. By having some understanding of the ‘What’ and ‘Why’ as well as the ‘How’ along with a little science to help you understand how the chemicals we use react, you can achieve the results you desire.

I would appreciate it if you would share this article as it helps other detailers further their knowledge. 

Questions and/ or constructive comments are always appreciated

.

Copyright © 2002 - 2012 TOGWT® (Established 1980) all rights reserved

Basic Soap and Detergent Chemistry

Basic Soap and Detergent Chemistry

[A detergent is a surfactant or a mixture of surfactants having "cleaning properties in dilute solutions”. Commonly, "detergent" refers to alkylbenzenesulfonates, a family of compounds that are similar to soap but are less affected by hard water.] [1]

a) Hydrophilic ~ inorganic, water loving [: compounds that have an affinity to water and are usually charged or have polar side groups to their structure that will attract water]

b) Lipophilic (Hydrophobic) ~ organic, water hating [: compounds that are repelled by water and are usually neutral (zero charge.)]

Surfactants have a polar group at one end (hydrophilic) and a non-polar group at the other end (lipophilic). The interaction of these two groups in water will reduce the surface tension of water. One end is inorganic and mixes with water, the other end is organic, and will dissolve other organic compounds; a detergent solution will dissolve both organic and inorganic soils

These terms have much to do with the structure of water itself. Water consists of two hydrogen atoms joined to one oxygen atom (H₂O) all in a triangular pattern. The oxygen is negatively charged whilst the hydrogen end is positively charged. Thus, water molecules are actually attracted to each other and form hydrogen bonds.

Water is inorganic and anything that will mix with water is hydrophilic. Oil and anything that will mix with oil are hydrophobic, which is organic, so when water and oil are mixed they separate (See also Emulsion)

a) Soap refers to a liquid cleanser with a slightly acidic pH

b) Detergents usually contain surfactants (laundry or specialist cleaners) although most car wash concentrates contain detergents

Alkali

An alkali is a soluble salt of an alkali metal like sodium or potassium. Originally, the alkalis used in soap making were obtained from the ashes of plants, but they are now made commercially. Today, the term alkali describes a substance that chemically is a base (the opposite of an acid) and that reacts with and neutralizes an acid. The common alkalis used in soap making are sodium hydroxide (NaOH), also called caustic soda; and potassium hydroxide (KOH), and also called caustic potash

Amines

Monoethanolamide (MEA), Diethanolamides (DEA) and Triethanolamine (TEA) are used in cosmetics as "buffers" and "emulsifiers". That is to say, they help control a solution's pH balance (buffer) and they also help water-based and oil-based ingredients work together (emulsification, they also serve as anti-foaming agents.

Chelators

Are used in chemical analysis, as water softeners, and are ingredients in many commercial products. Citric acid is used to soften water in soaps and laundry detergents. Chelators are commonly used in industrial manufacturing as detergent additives, stabilizing agents, preservatives, and flavour and colour retainers. Ethylenediaminetetra acetic acid (EDTA) is one of the most popular. It is an agent that is capable of forming either four or six bonds with metal ions. EDTA is widely used for enhancing the cleaning power of detergents and soaps by forming chelates with the magnesium and calcium metals in hard water.

Enzymes

[: are responsible for thousands of metabolic processes that sustain life. They are highly selective catalysts, greatly accelerating both the rate and specificity of metabolic chemical reactions]

Enzymes are proteins that catalyse (i.e., increase the rates of) chemical reactions. In enzymatic reactions, the molecules at the beginning of the process, called substrates, are converted into different molecules, called products. Almost all chemical reactions in a biological cell need enzymes in order to occur at rates sufficient for life. Since enzymes are selective for their substrates and speed up only a few reactions from among many possibilities, the set of enzymes made in a cell determines which metabolic pathways occur in that cell.

Like all catalysts, enzymes work by lowering the activation energy for a reaction, thus dramatically increasing the rate of the reaction. As a result, products are formed faster and reactions reach their equilibrium state more rapidly. Most enzyme reaction rates are millions of times faster than those of comparable un-catalysed reactions. As with all catalysts, enzymes are not consumed by the reactions they catalyse, nor do they alter the equilibrium of these reactions.

Enzyme cleaners use chemicals naturally manufactured by plants and animals that cause chemical reactions that break down specific types of chemicals. An enzyme is a type of protein that can break up complex molecules into smaller pieces. Contrary to popular belief, enzymes are not living things. Enzyme activity can be affected by other molecules: decreased by inhibitors or increased by activators. Many drugs and poisons are enzyme inhibitors. Activity is also affected by temperature (increases in temperatures speed up reactions and help the enzyme function and develop the end product even faster) pressure and chemical environment (i.e. pH)

Odour-causing bacteria are "food" for these micro-organisms that is consumed by the bio-enzymatic cleaners are converted into two basic compounds: carbon dioxide and water. Because enzymes only work on specific types of chemicals; proteins, lipids, sugars, enzyme cleaners must be matched to their purpose.

Enzyme cleaners work quickly by bio-degrading the stain, they will eliminate grease, oil, dirt, grime, vomit, urine, blood, coffee or food into its basic carbon, hydrogen or oxygen element, thereby eliminating the problem. Enzyme cleaners are non-toxic and effective, they clean better than toxic and non-toxic detergents. Enzymes cleaners remove odours completely by breaking down the micro-particulates causing the odour. They are used mainly for carpet and upholstery cleaning. They will often remove tough stains and odours that other types of cleaners can’t. You can use different enzymes for different types of stains.

Cloud Point 

[:The cloud point of a non-ionic surfactant solution, is the temperature at which  the mixture starts to phase separate and two phases appear, thus becoming cloudy] [1]

The temperature at which a surfactant becomes insoluble in water; this becomes important when designing detergents for use in hot water

Catalyst

A catalyst works by lowering the activation energy for a reaction, thus dramatically increasing the rate of the reaction. As a result, products are formed faster and reactions reach their equilibrium state more rapidly. Most reaction rates are millions of times faster than those of comparable un-catalysed reactions. A catalysts is not consumed by the reactions they catalyse, nor do they alter the equilibrium of these reactions.

Controlling pH

Popular chemicals include sodium hydroxide a caustic metallic base. It is used in many industries, mostly as a strong chemical base in the manufacture of soaps and detergents; it is often used to increase the alkalinity of a mixture, or to neutralize acids

Chelators

Are used in chemical analysis, as water softeners, and are ingredients in many commercial products. Citric acid is used to soften water in soaps and laundry detergents. Chelators are commonly used in industrial manufacturing as detergent additives, stabilizing agents, preservatives, and flavour and colour retainers. Ethylenediaminetetra acetic acid (EDTA) is one of the most popular. It is an agent that is capable of forming either four or six bonds with metal ions. EDTA is widely used for enhancing the cleaning power of detergents and soaps by forming chelates with the magnesium and calcium metals in hard water.

Fats and Oils

The fats and oils used in soap making come from animal or plant sources. Each fat or oil is made up of a distinctive mixture of several different triglycerides. In a triglyceride molecule, three fatty acid molecules are attached to one molecule of glycerin. There are many types of triglycerides; each type consists of its own particular combination of fatty acids. Fatty acids are the components of fats and oils that are used in making soap.

They are weak acids composed of two parts: A carboxylic acid group consisting of one hydrogen (H) atom, two oxygen (O) atoms, and one carbon (C) atom, plus a hydrocarbon chain attached to the carboxylic acid group. Generally, it is made up of a long straight chain of carbon (C) atoms each carrying two hydrogen (H) atoms.

Phosphates

Sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) is an ingredient use to enhance the performance capabilities of automatic dishwasher detergents. They contribute buffering strength, sequestering (or chelating) power, dispersion and absorptive capabilities, and solubility. They not only strip food and grease from dishes but also prevent food debris becoming reattached during the wash. Phosphates are usually used as compounds of phosphate ions in combination with one or more common elements, such as sodium, calcium, potassium, and aluminium

Seventeen states banned phosphates from dishwasher detergents because the chemical compounds also pollute lakes, bays and streams as they create algae blooms and starve fish of oxygen.

Surfactants

Surfactants perform other important functions in cleaning, such as loosening, emulsifying (dispersing in water) and holding soil in suspension until it can be rinsed away. Surfactants can also provide alkalinity, which is useful in removing acidic soils. Surfactants are classified by their ionic (electrical charge) properties in water: anionic (negative charge), non-ionic (no charge), cationic (positive charge) and amphoteric (either positive or negative charge).

Many surfactants will adhere to a paint surface to enhance gloss or stop water spotting or because they see the paint protection product as rather similar in structure to the oils they like to bond with. Many products that contain surfactant will leave a film on the paint surface, which attracts water so masking any beading or sheeting.

Be cognizant that not all surfactants do the same thing, nor do they do it to the same degree. A surfactant is to all intents a ‘wetting agent’, different surfactants have different ability to wet surfaces. Beading and sheeting (hydrophobic and hydrophilic) are really just differences in hydrophobicity. A simplistic explanation of a surfactant is a clingy oil.

Soap is an anionic surfactant. Other anionic as well as non-ionic surfactants are the main ingredients in today's detergents. The chemistry of surfactants- soaps are water-soluble sodium or potassium salts of fatty acids. Soaps are made from fats and oils, or their fatty acids

Sulphates

Sodium lauryl sulphate, sodium laureth sulphate, ammonium lauryl sulphate, ammonium laureth sulphate, TEA lauryl sulphate, and TEA laureth sulphate are collectively called sulphates; sulphates are surfactants, which create foam and suds

Water

The liquid solvent most commonly used for cleaning, has a property called surface tension. In the body of the water, each molecule is surrounded and attracted by other water molecules. However, at the surface, other water molecules only on the waterside surround those molecules. A tension is created as the water molecules at the surface are pulled into the body of the water. This tension causes water to bead up on surfaces (glass, fabric), which slows wetting of the surface and inhibits the cleaning process.

You can see surface tension at work by placing a drop of water onto a counter top. The drop will hold its shape and will not spread. In the cleaning process, surface tension must be reduced so water can spread and wet surfaces. Chemicals that are able to do this effectively are called surface-active agents, or surfactants. They are said to make water "wetter."

I think this illustrates the importance of detailers understanding the ‘science’ of cleaning; and to this end it is helpful to have a basic knowledge of soap and detergent chemistry and what is needed to achieve effective cleaning

All Purpose Cleaner (APC)

An all-purpose cleaner (APC) (pH 9.5 – 12.5 dependent upon mfg.) is an aggressive, grease-cutting cleaner for engine compartments and wheels. It’s better to use a specific stain remover than to compromise. Always select a chemical / cleaner that are biodegradable, environmentally friendly and safe to use by observing any precautions recommended so that they won’t harm you, your vehicle or the environment

Many well-intentioned detailers use the so-called all-purpose cleaning (APC) chemical for detailing. Using a product like Simple Green or a degreaser to clean everything from wheels to carpets is both dangerous and harmful to the materials used for modern automobile materials. A safer alternate is a  d-limonene (citrus-based) solvent, they are biodegradable, environmentally friendly and safe to use. There is no such thing as a one size fits all type chemical cleaner, regardless of what a car care product vendor would have you believe.

Most detailing chemicals are formulated to remove specific stains and a little knowledge of their pH and chemical content will help in their correct selection and use; the most common types of chemicals include surfactants, solvents, wetting agents, Saponifiers and Chelators

How Soaps are made

Soaps are mixtures of sodium or potassium salts of fatty acids, which can be derived from oils or fats by reacting them with an alkali (such as sodium or potassium hydroxide) in a process known as saponification.

Saponification of fats and oils is the most widely used soap making process. This method involves heating fats and oils and react them with a liquid alkali to produce soap and water (neat soap) plus glycerine.

The other major soap making process is the neutralization of fatty acids with an alkali. Fats and oils are hydrolysed (split) with a high-pressure steam to yield crude fatty acids and glycerine. The fatty acids are then purified by distillation and neutralized with an alkali to produce soap and water (neat soap).

When the alkali is sodium hydroxide, sodium soap is formed. Sodium soaps are "hard" soaps. When the alkali is potassium hydroxide, potassium soap is formed. Potassium soaps are softer and are found in some liquid hand soaps and shaving creams. The carboxyl ate end of the soap molecule is attracted to water. It is called the hydrophilic (water-loving) end. The hydrocarbon chain is attracted to oil and grease and repelled by water. It is known as the hydrophobic (water-hating) end.

How Water Hardness Affects Cleaning Action

Although soap is a good cleaning agent, its effectiveness is reduced when used in hard water. Hardness in water is caused by the presence of mineral salts - mostly those of calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg), but sometimes also irons (Fe) and manganese (Mn). The mineral salts react with soap to form an insoluble precipitate known as soap film or scum. Soap film does not rinse away easily. It tends to remain behind and produces visible deposits on clothing and makes fabrics feel stiff. It also attaches to the insides of bathtubs, sinks and washing machines.

Reacting with hard water minerals to form the film uses up some soap. This reduces the amount of soap available for cleaning. Even when clothes are washed in soft water, some hardness minerals are introduced by the soil on clothes. Soap molecules are not very versatile and cannot be adapted to today's variety of fibres, washing temperatures and water conditions.

Surfactants in detergents

Definition [: compounds that lower the surface tension of a liquid, the interfacial tension between two liquids, or that between a liquid and a solid. Surfactants may act as detergents, wetting agents, emulsifiers, foaming agents, and dispersants]

Surfactants actually reduce the surface tension of water by a factor of three or more. A detergent is an effective cleaning product because it contains one or more surfactants. Because of their chemical makeup, the surfactants used in detergents can be engineered to perform well under a variety of conditions. Sodium stearate, the most common component of most soap, which comprises about 50% of commercial surfactants; such surfactants are less sensitive than soap to the hardness minerals in water and most will not form a film. Detergent surfactants were developed in response to a shortage of animal and vegetable fats and oils during World War I and World War II. In addition, a substance that was resistant to hard water was needed to make cleaning more effective. At that time, petroleum was found to be a plentiful source for the manufacture of these surfactants.

Surfactants are common to both washing-up liquids and car care products; namely Sodium laureth sulphate, or sodium lauryl ether sulphate (SLES) a foaming agent, Dodecylbenzene sulphonic acid (neutralised with Sodium Hydroxide, Triethanolamine or Isopropanolamine).

Detergent surfactants are made from a variety of petrochemicals (derived from petroleum) and/or oleo chemicals (derived from fats and oils). Petrochemicals and Oleo chemicals like the fatty acids used in soap making, both petroleum and fats and oils contain hydrocarbon chains that are repelled by water but attracted to oil and grease in soils.

These hydrocarbon chain sources are used to make the water-hating end of the surfactant molecule. Other Chemicals, such as sulphur trioxide, sulphuric acid and ethylene oxide, are used to produce the water-loving end of the surfactant molecule.

Foaming agents, emulsifiers, and dispersants are all surfactants which suspend respectively, a gas (air) an immiscible liquid, or a solid in water or some other liquid. Although there is similarity in these functions, in practice the surfactants required to perform these functions differ widely. In emulsification, as an example - the selection of surfactant or surfactant system will depend on the materials to be used and the properties desired in the end product. An emulsion can be oil droplets suspended in water, oil in water emulsion, water suspended in a continuous oil phase, or a mixed emulsion. The surfactants form what amounts to a protective coating around the suspended material, and these hydrophilic ends associate with the neighbouring water molecules.

Solubilisation - is a function closely related to emulsification. As the size of the emulsified droplet becomes smaller, a condition is reached where this droplet and the surfactant micelle are the same size. At this stage, an oil droplet can be imagined as being in solution in the hydrophobic tails of the surfactant and the term solubilisation is used. Emulsions are milky in appearance and solubilised oils, for example - are clear to the eye.

Detergency- the function of detergency or cleaning is a complex combination of all the previous functions. The surface to be cleaned and the soil to be removed must initially be wet and the soils suspended, solubilised, dissolved or separated in some way so that the soil will not just re-deposit on the surface in question

All surfactants have the following features: they make the removal of dirt easier by reducing the surface tension between the water and the paint surface, they produce foam, and this foam suspends dirt and stops it from being re-deposited.

There are surfactants that use Marangoni stress to prevent droplet formation, Since a liquid with a high surface tension pulls more strongly on the surrounding liquid than one with a low surface tension, the presence of a gradient in surface tension will naturally cause the liquid to flow away from regions of low surface tension so that water drains from the surfaces in thin sheets, rather than forming droplets, its drawback is that it leaves a thin film on the dried surface.

The benefits of using it are that it prevents "spotting" caused by droplets of water drying and leaving behind dissolved lime scale minerals, and can also improve drying performance as there is less water remaining to be dried its drawback is that it leaves a thin film on the dried surface.

Ionic and non-ionic surfactant - zwitterionic (amphoteric) surfactants have both cationic and anionic centres attached to the same molecule. The cationic part is based on primary, secondary, or tertiary amines or quaternary ammonium cations. The anionic part can be more variable and include sulfonates, as in CHAPS (3-[(3-Cholamidopropyl) dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate). Other anionic groups are sultaines illustrated by cocamidopropyl hydroxysultaine. Betaines, e.g., cocamidopropyl Betaines Phosphates: lecithin

Zwitterionic (amphoteric) surfactants have both cationic and anionic centres attached to the same molecule.

Emollients

Dishwashing detergents (Dawn, Cascade, Rinse Ad, etc.) contain emollients; an ingredient designed to protect a person's hands, by keeping them soft and prevent cracking and drying. However emollients make the paint surface more difficult to dry and leave an oily residue, this thin film, which also aids ‘sheeting’ from glassware.

The problem is that these emollients do not rinse away and you are left with a thin film on the vehicles paint surface, which will negatively impact product cross-linking and its durability. They also contain Diethanol Amides, which act as foaming agents or as emulsifiers

Emollients have three basic properties:

1.      Occlusion - providing a layer of oil on the surface of the skin to slow water loss and thus increase the moisture content

2.      Humectants - increasing the moisture-holding capacity of the stratum

3.      Lubrication - adding slip to glide across the skin

Enzymes

Biological detergents contain enzymes which, although they are natural, are known to cause allergic reactions such as asthma and dermatitis. This might especially be a problem for workers manufacturing the products. Enzymes are proteins and are made from selected strains of bacteria. They are used to digest stains.

Unlike the rest of Europe where enzymes are in virtually all washing detergents, UK consumers are not keen on enzymes and manufacturers have had to split their products into bio and non-bio.

Although they are effective cleaners, enzymes are very aggressive for people with allergies. Many of the mainstream biological formulas utilise several different enzymes to attack different stains and this cocktail of chemicals can make allergy sufferers more prone to a reaction. So conventional products may use genetically-modified enzymes to get them to Cloud Point

[:The cloud point of a non-ionic surfactant solution, is the temperature at which  the mixture starts to phase separate and two phases appear, thus becoming cloudy] [1]

The temperature at which a surfactant becomes insoluble in water; this becomes important when designing detergents for use in hot water work at 30°C or below.

Phosphates 

Phosphates are water softeners, but their release into waterways can lead to algal blooms that stifle fish and other aquatic life. Although their use has halved since the 1980s when this ingredient attracted much criticism, they are still an issue.

Detergents are the third largest source of phosphate discharge into surface water after agriculture (mainly from fertilisers and livestock feed), and human sewage.

Perfume

Synthetic fragrances are used by most mainstream detergents. The word ‘Fragrance’ or ‘Parfum’ on a label represents an undisclosed mixture of various scent chemicals and ingredients—including hormone-disrupting phthalates, synthetic musk’s, and ethylene oxide. Phthalates are hormone disrupting chemicals, which can affect reproductive development and fertility. Fragrance mixes have also been associated with allergies, dermatitis and respiratory problems. Alternative producers are either fragrance-free or they use essential oils.

Optical Brightener

[: are dyes that absorb light in the ultraviolet and violet region (usually 340-370 nm) of the electromagnetic spectrum, and re-emit light in the blue region (typically 420-470 nm)]

Brighteners (Z)-Stilbene) is one of several different chemicals used and were  once commonly added to laundry detergents to replace whitening agents removed during washing and to make the clothes appear cleaner. Optical brighteners have replaced bluing which was formerly used to produce the same effect. Some brighteners can cause allergic reactions when in contact with skin, depending on the individual.

These synthetic chemicals that make fabrics appear to glow in the presence of ultraviolet light; something that is really clean should not be an optical illusion; they don't have anything to do with getting things clean -- they're only added to detergents to make us think our laundry is brighter and whiter than it really is. These agents absorb ultraviolet light and emit it back as visible blue light.

Optical brighteners are actually ultraviolet dyes that may be invisible under many lighting conditions; for an optical brightener to work properly it must be exposed to ultraviolet light usually from sunlight; thus, they’re not of much value if the light falling on the treated surface is mainly incandescent (light bulbs).

There are additional potential problems with the use of optical brighteners; one of these is its tendency to yellow with age, which is one of the reasons that carpet and furniture manufacturers discourage its use. This chemical is not biodegradable and can pass through waste-water treatment plants and endanger aquatic plants and fish

How Detergent Surfactants Are Made Anionic Surfactants

The chemical reacts with hydrocarbons derived from petroleum or fats and oils to produce new acids similar to fatty acids. A second reaction adds an alkali to the new acids to produce one type of anionic surfactant molecule. First converting the hydrocarbon to an alcohol and then react with the fatty alcohol with ethylene oxide produce non-ionic surfactants non-ionic surfactant molecules. These non-ionic surfactants can be reacted further with sulphur containing acids to form another type of anionic surfactant.

How Soaps and Detergents work

Soap is usually a blend of several surfactants, which are two opposing polar groups, hydrophilic and a non-polar group lipophilic. The interaction of these two groups in water will reduce the surface tension of water from 72 to 35 dynes/cm soap creates foam by trapping air inside, which is about 95% air and 5% soap / water, this foam has no effect on its cleaning ability. The/surfactants use emulsification to dissolve and encapsulate oily particles and that reduces the amount of active surfactants left in the bucket. So if the surface is very oily, you will see a substantial drop in the suds and therefore a reduction in its cleaning ability.

These types of energy interact and should be in proper balance. Let's look at how they work together. Let's assume we have oily, greasy soil on clothing. Water alone will not remove this soil. Nearly all compounds fall into one of two categories: hydrophilic ('water-loving') and hydrophobic ('water-hating'). Water and anything that will mix with water are hydrophilic. Oil and anything that will mix with oil are hydrophobic. When water and oil are mixed they separate.

Hydrophilic and hydrophobic compounds just don't mix. These opposing forces loosen the soil and suspend it in the water. Warm or hot water helps dissolve grease and oil in soil.

Washing machine agitation or hand rubbing helps pull the soil free. The cleansing action of soap is determined by its polar and non-polar structures in conjunction with an application of solubility principles.

 One important reason is that oil and grease present in soil repel the water molecules. Now let's add soap or detergent. The surfactant's water-hating end (lipophilic) is repelled by water but attracted to the oil in the soil.

At the same time, the water-loving end (hydrophilic) is attracted to the water molecules.

Back when laundry was done with soap flakes, suds level was an indicator of cleaning performance. So, many people today think that a good rich level of suds is necessary for clean laundry. However, this is no longer true. Today's detergents are formulated to have any suds level desired without affecting cleaning performance. "They make the removal of dirt easier by adding surfactants that reduce the surface tension between the water and the paint surface.

In reality suds (a chemical foaming agent - Diethanolamides or Sodium laureth sulphate or sodium lauryl ether sulphate) do absolutely nothing to clean, they are simply a structure that a portion of the solution had taken due to being mixed with air; they still contain the same ratio of soap. They are however, a good indicator of the amount of active soap in the solution.

The amount of foaming produced has nothing to do with its cleaning efficiency (although it does provide a means of encapsulation as well as acting a cushion between the paint surfaces and cleaning tool)  They are there simply because we are so ingrained with the idea that soap suds do the cleaning that it is impossible to use anything else.

In almost all detergents the suds are made by a foaming agent, not by the cleaning agents in the detergent. In fact, industrial cleaners usually have no foaming agents and specialized users do not want suds. Think of a hand degreaser, or rinse less car washes (ONR) there are no suds yet it sure does the job

Car Wash Concentrates

A good quality car wash should provide a slightly alkaline pH and a balanced blend of active biodegradable ingredients, to provide lubrication to prevent scratching, to lift and encapsulate dirt, road grime and oils.

Washing-up Liquids (Detergent) 

The use of this type of detergent has been debated for years among car detailing enthusiasts. Problems arise when people use dish washing liquid as their normal car wash soap. From a chemical standpoint using dishwashing detergents to clean a porous, sensitive clear coat paint surface is very poor choice. 

 Notable brands of dishwashing liquid include Procter & Gamble’s Dawn®, which is the leading brand in the United States, and Fairy Liquid, which is the bestselling brand in the United Kingdom and similar type dish washing liquids chemistry relies primarily on detergent and surfactant technology. This type of chemistry has advanced to the point that it can be engineered to specific soils (i.e. organic grease)

Detergent and soap chemistry and product formulation is a lot more complicated than this, suffice it to say; modern car wash formulations are automotive soil specific. As a means of paint surface preparation and the removal of wax / polymer sealants it’s not very effective as paint protection products are usually formulated to be detergent resistant

 [Your car surface and the dirt that gets on it are a lot different from the food soils and dishes that dishwashing liquids clean effectively. We don't recommend them for cleaning your car] Proctor and Gamble

See also FAQ Proctor and Gamble website - http://www.dawn-dish.com/en_US/questionsaboutdawn.do

Water quality

Such as pH values, mineral content, harness, etc. surfactants used and other characteristics will affect how well a car wash concentrate works. As well as conditioners to maintain the shine without stripping the paint of essential oils (the way detergents do) and dispersing them in the rinsing process, warm water (not hot) will improve the cleaning abilities of wash concentrates.

The amount of foaming produced has nothing to do with its cleaning efficiency (although it does provide a means of encapsulation as well as acting a cushion between the paint surfaces and cleaning tool) when laundry was done with soap flakes; suds level was an indicator of cleaning performance. Many people still equate a good rich level of suds with cleaning; however, this is no longer true. Today's quality car wash concentrates are formulated with anionic surfactants that have a very low suds level without affecting cleaning performance. One of the advantages of this formulation is that road dirt and grime are encapsulated in its structure (micelles), which makes for very easy and efficient rinsing.

The harsh detergents found in some car wash soaps contain sodium silicate or sodium hydroxide may etch the surface of the clear-coat leaving white residue or dulling the entire finish. Car wash concentrates that contain a high foaming (suds) agent can be corrosive, if sodium (salt) is used as an agent to create the foaming. The usual dilution is l oz. per two gallons water (using a lesser dilution will leave a film on the paint surface) Avoid products that contain harsh detergents as they will emulsify and leach out any oils or waxes that provide protection and/or flexibility (See also Alkalinity, pH Values, Hard Water, Water Filtration

I would like to think that these articles become an asset to anyone who is new to detailing and to professionals alike, as well as industry experts who seek to advance their knowledge.

I hope the above article was informative. By having some understanding of the ‘What’ and ‘Why’ as well as the ‘How’ along with a little science to help you understand how the chemicals we use react, you can achieve the results you desire.

I would appreciate it if you would share this article as it helps other detailers further their knowledge. 

Questions and/ or constructive comments are always appreciated.

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