Glass Technology
[:Modern windshield or windscreens are generally made of
laminated safety glass, a type of treated glass, which consists of two
(typically) curved sheets of glass with a plastic layer laminated between them
for safety, and are glued into the window frame.]
The term windshield is used generally throughout North America.
The term windscreen is the usual term in the UK and Australia/New Zealand
Glass windshields first
appeared around 1905. The first
automobile windshields were a luxury, sold as optional equipment to motorists
who needed something a little more dashing than goggles. With the invention of
safety glass, tempered glass (tempering is a heat treatment) to make it
especially hard and resistant to shattering. This type of windshield was
popular well into the middle of the century, but it was eventually replaced by
windshields made of laminated glass
Automakers began using
laminated safety glass, also known as auto glass, for automobile windshields in
1927. To make laminated safety glass, the manufacturer sandwiches a thin layer
of flexible clear plastic film called polyvinyl butyl (PVB) between two or more
pieces of glass. The plastic film holds the glass in place when the glass
breaks, helping to lessen injuries from flying glass.
PPG Industries has developed
Optech clear coating, it’s made up of a single component designed to provide
improved resistance to marring and environmental etch.
According to PPG, the high
solids formulation, developed over a six year period, allows it to bond with an
adhesive to join the windshield, backlight and sidelight windows to vehicle
bodies thereby eliminating the need for a urethane primer commonly used to
ensure adhesion.
Optech also meets the
Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard for windshield retention during roll-over
accidents and crashes. The technology can improve scratch and etch resistance
characteristics by approximately 25 to 100 percent when compared to
conventional one-component clear coats that are currently used, says PPG.
Optech is currently being used in two plants in North America.
Laminated glass is a
multilayer unit consisting of a plastic layer surrounded by two sheets of
glass. In many countries, including the U.S., auto windshields are required by
law to be made of laminated glass. Laminated glass can bend slightly under
impact and is less likely to shatter than normal safety glass. This quality
reduces the risk of injury to the automobile's passengers.
After the glass is tempered
and cleaned, it goes through a laminating process. In this process, two sheets
of glass are bonded together with a layer of plastic (the plastic layer goes
inside the two glass sheets). The lamination takes place in an autoclave, a
special oven that uses both heat and pressure to form a single, strong unit
that is resistant to tearing. The plastic interlayer is often tinted to act as
an ultraviolet filter.
When laminated glass is
broken, the broken pieces of glass remain bound to the internal tear-resistant
plastic layer, and the broken sheet remains transparent. Thus, visibility
remains good. Unlike traditional safety glass, laminated glass can be further
processed—cut, drilled, and edge-worked, as necessary. A typical laminated
windshield is very thin: each glass layer is approximately 0.03 inch (0.75
millimetres) thick, while the plastic interlayer is approximately 0.098 inch
(2.5 millimetres) thick.
There are two main types of
auto glass; tempered glass and laminated safety glass.
a)
Tempered glass, which typically is used on the rear and side
windows, goes through a special process where it is heated and then quickly
cooled.
b)
Laminated safety glass, which is typically used on windshields,
is composed of two pieces of glass with a thin layer of vinyl. It's then heated
and pressed together in an oven called an autoclave.
Both types of glass are
stronger and more impact resistant than regular glass. When tempered glass
receives a strong hit, it will shatter, but it will shatter and fall to the
ground into small pieces that do not have sharp edges like regular glass. When
laminated safety glass receives a strong impact it will also shatter but,
generally, the pieces will adhere to the vinyl and not fall to the ground.
Types of Glass Surface Corrosion
a) Stage I Corrosion
[: defined as a surface with
light to moderate corrosion damage to the paint surface]
b) Stage II Corrosion
[: definition when the
dirt/corrosion deposits are no longer on the surface but have started to break
down the molecular structure, leaving an etched or white haze on the surface
after the stain has been removed, with moderate to serious stains / damage] (See also Glass
Cleaning Process article)
Should I repair or replace my
windshield?
Be aware the some
imperfections cannot be removed (by doing so you will compromise the glass
surface optics) and you may have to replace it. If you can catch your
fingernail in the scratch 0.4 Mil (0 .004 –inch deep) you should consult a
professional glass repair / replacement company.
A replacement windscreen can
sometimes be claimed on an insurance policy without loss of no-claim bonus,
dependent upon coverage (check first with insurance company).Some windscreen
‘glass’ is actually a plastic resin and will scratch easily, consult your
dealer to find out what material was used for the OEM windshield.
There are various types of
windshield glass; some newer cars have acoustic glass or rain sensors built in,
so be sure you get the correct type of glass. Aftermarket glass is not required
to meet the same Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS) regulations as
OEM glass
OEM glass is usually
stronger and this may be important when you realize that the windshield becomes
the backing plate for your air bags in a crash. The glass windshield provides
up to 60% of the cage strength in the event of a rollover accident. OEM glass
is more expensive as it is more costly to make. Yet the windshield may save
your life or your family's lives in a crash.
See also -http://www.bestglass.com/faq.html#faq1
Rock Chips
These micro-chips are caused
by road grit impacting the glass surface and leaving small holes that show up
as white spots when waxing or applying a sealant. In a recent windshield damage
study conducted by the Motor Industry Research Association (MIRA), it was found
that; extreme temperatures and structural fatigue will cause existing
windshield chips to spread quickly, requiring glass replacement.
Thermal shock occurs when a
thermal gradient causes different parts of an object to expand by different
amounts, this differential expansion can be understood in terms of stress or of
strain, equivalently, at some point, this stress overcomes the strength of the
material, causing a crack to form.
If nothing stops this crack from propagating
through the material, it will cause the object's structure to fail. This occurs
if you wash a cold surface with warm / hot water or conversely a warm / hot
surface with cold water Thermal shock can be prevented by reducing the thermal
gradient seen by the object ( i.e. by changing its temperature more slowly)
In cold weather conditions,
windshields will develop a more concave shape. As a result, windshield chips
and dings are more likely to spread in a horizontal fashion. Chips were likely
to spread more than 80 percent of the time at temperatures of 14.OF
degrees (-10.OC). Those tested at 32.OF (0.OC)
were nearly 60 percent likely to crack.
Warm weather conditions
cause windshields chips to spread more vertically. The same study conducted
suggested that the heat itself distorts the shape of the windshield glass,
which can lead to cracking by itself. However, it was also found that the
cooling effect of the air conditioning unit is likely to set off a crack.
Driving over a speed bump,
pothole or other uneven terrain can cause a chip to become a fracture. The
force radiates through the car and puts additional pressure on the edges of the
chip, which can quickly lead to a glass fracture.
Although it is not possible
to suggest how long it will take for a chip to spread, the study suggests that
stressors like weather changes and simple driving will eventually cause or
lengthen a windshield crack.
What kind of
damages can be repaired?
A windshield repair is a
process that uses skill to repair stone damage on a windshield instead of
replacing it altogether. Stone damage or stone "chips" up to the size
of a quarter can usually be polished out, however, if you can catch your fingernail
in the scratch 0.4 Mil (10µ) deep, you should consult a professional auto glass
company
Best results are obtained
when the damage is repaired right away, before contamination occurs from car
washing, road grime, or inclement weather.
Once the glass surface has
been washed and cleaned (detailers clay) any minor imperfections can be removed
with an abrasive glass polish (CarPro CeriGlass, Autoglym
Car Class Polish or Zaino Z-12 Clear-View Glass Polish) These products
remove "light" scratches, acid water spots, bird and bug stains,
including alkaline mineral deposits, and then smoothes out etched glass (See
article
“Polishing Glass”)
Should I repair or replace my
windshield?
Be aware the some
imperfections cannot be removed (by doing so you will compromise the glass
surface optics) and you may have to replace it. If you can catch your
fingernail in the scratch you should consult a professional glass repair /
replacement company.
A replacement windscreen can
sometimes be claimed on an insurance policy without loss of no-claim bonus,
dependent upon coverage (check first with insurance company).Some windscreen
‘glass’ is actually a plastic resin and will scratch easily, consult your
dealer to find out what material was used for the OEM windshield.
There are various types of
windshield glass; some newer cars have acoustic glass or rain sensors built in,
so be sure you get the correct type of glass. Aftermarket glass is not required
to meet the same Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS) regulations as
OEM glass
OEM glass is usually
stronger and this may be important when you realize that the windshield becomes
the backing plate for your air bags in a crash. The glass windshield provides
up to 60% of the cage strength in the event of a rollover accident. OEM glass
is more expensive as it is more costly to make. Yet the windshield may save
your life or your family's lives in a crash.
See also -http://www.bestglass.com/faq.html#faq1
Glass
Polishing Pad
Groit’s Garage synthetic 6-inch glass polishing pads
for use with a random orbital polisher Use these pads along with a glass polish
to remove etched water marks and other tenacious surface residue. Once
thoroughly cleaned they can be re- used
Alternative
- Lake County - GPS
PRO Glass Polishing System
Glass
Polishing
Cerium
Oxide (CeO2) Polishing Powder [: includes a variety grades and of
purities from 96% to 99.99% and particle sizes from nanoscale to submicron (-
325 mesh). It is generally considered to be the most efficient glass polishing
agent for precision optical polishing]
Common sense dictates that
if you want to remove a scratch, then you must remove some of the material
(paint, glass, etc.) to get down to the bottom of the scratch.
Glass is very hard and the
polishing process for the correction of scratches requires pressure, which
combined with kinetic energy produces heat, if the glass surface becomes too
hot the surface can warp leading to distortion. When polishing glass use
capacious amounts of water and periodically check the surface temperature
Use caution when polishing
glass, especially with polishes that contain abrasives like cerium oxide
(belonging to the group of elements known as rare earth) use optical grade only
on auto glass and observe all necessary safety precautions (see also personal
protection equipment (PPE) with regard to the dust produced.
They also have the potential
to damage glass by removing layers; compromising its optical clarity, strength
and rigidity, necessitating replacement An airbag relies on the glass
windshield as it ‘backing plate’ (i.e. it supports the inflated bag and gives
it the necessary rigidity, as it is unable to arrest forward motion without
some kind of strong support) so don’t do anything that would compromise it.
Once the glass surface has
been washed and cleaned (detailers clay) any minor imperfections can be removed
with an abrasive glass polish (CarPro CeriGlass, Autoglym
Car Class Polish or Zaino Z-12 Clear-View Glass Polish) Removes
"light" scratches, acid water spots, bird and bug stains, including
alkaline mineral deposits, and then smoothes out etched glass
Methodology
•
Clean glass to remove dirt, dust or road grime from surfaces
•
Use masking tape to protect windscreen rubber sealing
•
Apply clay (Magic Clay®) and lubricant solution (Woolite™ /
Water 5:1) onto the glass surface (
•
CarPro
CeriGlass is a special glass polishing technique
developed by the innovative special ceramic, Cerium Oxide, together with some
other nano components that can be used by hand or machine and is so effective,
it even removes fine to medium scratches and it leaves glass crystal clean and
crystal clear.
• Apply a quarter (coin) size amounts of the glass polish using an
LC Glass polishing pad, is made of dense
polyurethane foam with very small cells.
The
pad’s density enables it to keep the glass polish on the surface, rather than
soaking into the foam. You’ll use less polish to get the job done, despite its density;
the pad still has plenty of flexibility to conform to the curvature of the
glass, speed #4 on a PC random orbital polisher
•
Heat caused by abrasive polishing can soften and damage glass;
foam pad and product used must minimize heat build-up. Since glass is a poor
heat conductor any friction heat built up from polishing must be kept to a
minimum by using sufficient product and regular misting of both the polishing
pad and glass surface with distilled water.
•
Apply to half of the windshield, polishing first in an up and
down motion then in a left-to-right motion and then repeat on the other side,
proceed to other glass surfaces.
•
Go over the glass several times in each direction, glass will
polish virtually residue free.
•
Wipe off any residue, and polish with a clean dry 100% cotton
Micro fibre cloth.
•
Inspect glass for clarity and smoothness. Repeat if necessary.
•
If the glass has PPG Industries Optech clear coating a more
aggressive polish may be required
For heavy surface imperfections - apply a quarter (coin) size amounts of CarPro CeriGlass to a CarPro 5-inch Glass Rayon Polishing Pad. The pad’s density enables it to keep the glass polish on the surface, rather than being absorbed by the pad. You’ll use less polish to get the job done, despite its density; the pad still has plenty of flexibility to conform to the curvature of the glass.
Using a rotary polisher (you could also use an orbital polisher, but a rotary is preferable). Use a spray bottle of distilled water and keep the glass very wet, this will also help to cool the surface.
• Heat caused by abrasive polishing can soften and damage glass; foam pad and product used must minimize heat build-up. Since glass is a poor heat conductor any friction heat built up from polishing must be kept to a minimum by using sufficient product and regular misting of both the polishing pad and glass surface with distilled water to keep the glass very wet.
• Apply to half of the windshield, polishing first in an up and down motion then in a left-to-right motion and then repeat on the other side, proceed to other glass surfaces.
• Go over the glass several times in each direction, glass will polish virtually residue free.
• Wipe off any residue, and polish with a clean dry 100% cotton Micro fibre cloth.
• Inspect glass for clarity and smoothness. Repeat if necessary.
If you can catch your fingernail in the scratch 0.4 Mil (10µ) deep, you should consult a professional glass repair / replacement company.
Alternative
products / methods:
a) Apply Zaino Z-12 with a damp cotton cloth
to cool glass, apply to small sections at a time and allow to completely dry,
buffing with a clean dry cotton towel. If there is any smearing or residue left
just use Stoner’s Invisible Glass or any good quality glass cleaner to remove
excess residue.
b)
Glass Technology Inc - http://www.gtglass.com/scratchremoval.htm
Alternative
pads-
these 4-inch ‘Metal Polishing Pads’ are made from 600 grit nylon (Scotchbrite®)
and are designed for hard / rough surfaces like aluminium diamond plate, pitted
aluminium, chrome, and glass. TOL
Cerium Oxide (CeO2)
Is considered one of the
most efficient agents for precision polishing of optical components is
primarily used as a glass polishing powder and it has been used for the past
six decades, and has been proven to be an effective polishing agent.
During the
process of polishing glasses, cerium Oxide reacts with the glass surface to
produce a cerium-oxygen-silicon compound which is softer than glass, and is
therefore easier to work with to produce the final polished surface. If your
nail doesn’t catch, this abrasive should remove the pitting etc. Mix the powder
1:1 with distilled water to produce polishing slurry and periodically check
surface heat
MSDS - http://www.keelingwalker.co.uk/downloads/saftey%20data%20sheets/MSDS-009%20Cerium%20Oxide.pdf
Glass
Scratch / Rock Chip Removers
This glass polishing kit
comprises one 2-inch diameter felt bob mounted on a ¼-inch shaft, with a tub of
abrasive optical grade Cerium
powder. This will remove glass scratches that you can’t feel with your
fingernail (approximately 0.004") To remove scratches that you cannot feel
with your fingernail, mark them on the inside of the glass with a crayon or a
piece of tape. (Deeper scratches may not be possible to completely remove.)
Tape off glass surrounds
with 3M Green Tape masking tape, as it’s water-resistant
whereas the 3M Blue is not. Mix up a small quantity of the abrasive powder with
some water to make wet slurry, and dip the flat end of the felt bob in it and
use the fastest electric drill speed available, work the slurry up and down
across the scratch until it is removed, keep the surface wet - do not allow the
slurry to dry out, otherwise the glass will get hot - http://www.caswellplating.com/buffs/glass.htm
Note
- Do not use an abrasive polish on Targa
‘glass’ tops as they are actually a plastic (Lexan) and an abrasive will remove
the tint Suggested product- Plexus (BTI Chemicals Plexus®
Glass Polish &
Cleaner)
Glass Polishing Kit for Deep
Scratches most glass polishers contain Cerium Oxide an optical polishing
compound (belonging to the group of elements known as rare earth) all necessary
precautions should be used with regard to the dust produced. Removes deep
scratches from automotive glass and save the replacement costs, this abrasive
system literally grinds away imperfections until scratches disappear, works
best with a Rotary set at 1500-2000 RPM.
The Lake
Country Glass Restoration Kit #2 is for heavy duty glass polishing. This
kit will polish and restore automotive glass and other glass surfaces. This
machine powered system restores clarity by removing wiper tracks, light
scratches, water spots and other minor defects. Designed for use on automotive
windshields and Automotive Glass; most other glass surfaces. For use with
rotary buffers or dual-action polishers, the kit contains enough materials to
polish and seal approximately 7,200 square inches.
Warning- these
systems remove glass, maintain a wet surface and keep pad moving to avoid heat
build-up and optical distortion
Cerium oxide
[: Cerium oxide, ceric oxide, ceria, or sometimes simply cerium oxide
CeO2 or cerium dioxide, is a pale yellow-white powder. It is used in
ceramics, to polish glass, and to sensitize photosensitive glass. It is also
used in lapidary as jeweller’s rouge; it is also known as optician's rouge]
Modern automotive
windshields hardness is 6/10 on the Mohr’s harness scale and contains a thin
plastic sheet between two layers of glass (interior and exterior). Glass is
very hard and the polishing process for the correction of scratches requires
pressure, which combined with kinetic energy produces heat, if the glass
surface becomes too hot the plastic sheeting can warp leading to distortion.
When polishing glass use capacious amounts of water and periodically check the
surface temperature
Use caution with polishes
that contain abrasives like cerium oxide (belonging to the group of elements
known as rare earth) use optical
grade only on auto glass and observe all necessary safety precautions
(see also personal protection equipment (PPE) with regard to the dust produced.
They also have the potential to damage glass by removing layers; compromising
its strength and rigidity, necessitating replacement An airbag relies on the
glass windshield as it ‘backing plate’ (i.e. it supports the inflated bag and
gives it the necessary rigidity, as it is unable to arrest forward motion
without some kind of strong support) so don’t do anything that would compromise
it. Caswell Inc. Glass Polishing Kit (with optical grade
cerium oxide)
Glass Polishing System (Lake County GPS Kit)
Polish and restore
automotive glass and other glass surfaces, machine powered system restores
clarity by removing wiper tracks, light scratches and other minor defects
•
3 7/8 – inch Backing Plate (5/8” x 11 Thread)
•
DA Adapter
•
4 oz. Glass Polish
•
3.5 oz. Glass Sealant
•
Sealant Applicator
•
2 - Abraded Levelling Discs
Warning- these
systems remove glass, maintain a wet surface and keep pad moving to avoid heat
build-up and optical distortion
Notes -
1.
Do
not use on Lexan™, Plexiglas or clear plastics (See Polishing Plastic)
2.
Don't
use abrasive glass polish on aftermarket-tinted glass or you will probably
scratch the surface
3.
For
deeply etched water spots' or pits (caused by sand or road stones) in the glass
surface, do not attempt to polish them out, consult an automotive glass vendor
as glass used on later model cars is soft and thin (this may vary by
manufacturer) due to weight / cost savings by vehicle manufactures and
polishing could cause glass to crack.
4.
Do
not use on glass with either internal antenna or defroster elements.
5.
Some
windshields and mirrors have a tinted plastic coating or a blue tint that will
scratch or be damaged, only polish or use synthetic wool on uncoated glass.
Material data sheets (MSDS)
Be aware of dangerous
ingredients and request Materials Safety and Data Sheets (MSDS) from the
manufacturer if there is any question. An (MSDS) is required under the OSHA
Hazard Communication Standard. The MSDS is a detailed informational document
prepared by the manufacturer or importer of a hazardous chemical. It describes the physical and chemical
properties of the product. MSDS’s contain useful information such as flash
point, toxicity, procedures for spills and leaks, and storage guidelines.
Information included in a
Material Safety Data Sheet aids in the selection of safe products, helps you
understand the potential health and physical hazards of a chemical and
describes how to respond effectively to exposure situations. Although there is
an effort currently underway to standardize MSDS’s the quality of individual
MSDS’s vary. A MSDS may be useful but it cannot substitute for prudent
practices and comprehensive risk management.
An MSDS should be available
for every chemical you use. Read these and follow the recommendations for safe
use and disposal of the material. The target audience for information in a MSDS
is the occupation worker who may be exposed to chemicals at work. However, much
of the information is also relevant to consumers.
Read the manufacturers
application instructions and then obtain and read the MSDS sheet to ascertain
the chemicals used. Although it should be said that an MSDS is a document that
contains details of the hazards associated with a particular chemical and
provides information regarding its safe use. The MSDS is required to state the
chemical's risks, safety and impact on the environment.
An MSDS is a fact sheet
developed by manufacturers describing the chemical properties of a product.
Material Safety Data Sheets include brand-specific information such as physical
data (solid, liquid, colour, melting point, flash point, etc.), health effects,
first aid, reactivity, storage, handling, disposal, personal protection and
spill/leak procedures.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
PPE is specialized clothing
or equipment worn by an employee for protection against a hazard. General work
clothes (e.g., uniforms, pants, shirts or blouses) not intended to function as
protection against a hazard is not considered to be personal protective
equipment.
For your safety and the legally required
protection of employees, you will need to have personal protective equipment
available that will include a respirator fitting for you and your employees. At
no time should you endanger yourself or others, take any unnecessary risks or
infringe any laws.
OSHA standards require that employers maintain or
improve workplace conditions to protect employees.
Protection from
Potential Health Hazards
1. Warning: Always use a ground circuit fault indicator)
(GFPI) when using any electrical device around water
2. Eye Protection: I
would strongly advise the wearing of safety glasses or visor when operating any
machine polisher.
3. Hearing Protection; the
constant pitch of a polishing machine could affect your hearing so wearing ear
plugs would be wise to protect you from hearing loss.
4. Hand Protection; Gloves- with the verity of chemicals a
detailer uses on a daily basis wearing chemical-resistant gloves resist
penetration and permeation, and will provide protection against dermatitis and
chemical burns. Gloves can provide protection, but they must be chosen with
care, the proper selection matched to the hazard is critical.
Chemical-resistant gloves resist penetration and permeation, and cam protect
against dermatitis, chemical burns and corrosion.
5. Respiratory Protection
(N95): Materials such as aluminium oxide (Aluminium oxide is on EPA's TRI list
if it is a fibrous form) or silicon carbide (Nuisance particulate-Accumulation
in lungs) used in polishes and compounds, and powdered fillers
6. Crystalline
silica (polishes and compounds) poses a serious inhalation hazard because it
can cause silicosis and Isocyanate clear coat residue represent a hazard to
your lungs and may cause respiratory distress. Use a NIOSH-approved half face respirator
equipped with a combination filter cartridge should be worn while using them
7. Consult
the current 3M Respiratory Selection Guide for additional information or call 1-800-243-4630
for 3M technical assistance.
8. Material Safety Data Sheets: Use a ring binder or other filing system to
ensure the appropriate MSDS is always available to identify hazardous
substances
9. Work Hygienic Practices:
Rinse cloves under running water before removing them
10.
Protect
yourself, work safe. As in all things, allow common sense to prevail and proceed with due
caution
Health and Safety Executive
(HSE) Control of substances hazardous to health (COSHH) is the UK law that
requires employers to control substances that are hazardous to health - http://www.hse.gov.uk/coshh/basics.htm
GFCI and Extension
Cord
Ground circuit fault
indicator (GFCI) and Extension cord selection is based on two main principles.
First, the cable should be able to carry the current load imposed on it without
overheating. It should be able to do this in the most extreme conditions of temperature
it will encounter during its working life.
Second, it should offer
sufficiently sound earthing to (a) limit the voltage to which
people are exposed to a safe level and (b)
allow the fault current to trip the fuse or MCB in a short time. To meet these
requirements requires consideration of the circuit load current (AMPS) a
reasonable voltage drop, cable thickness (G) and length (feet) and the
over-current protection device
Prime
Wire & Cable Duplex GFCI -residual current device is also known
as a ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI) junction Box with 6-Ft. cord,
Model# GF200806 Portable GFCI duplex receptacle detects power leaks and shuts
off electricity in less than a second to prevent shock. Test and reset buttons
Tough jobsite box with 6-ft. 12/3 SJTW power cord UL listed, meets OSHA
standards.
Prime
Wire & Cable 50-Ft extension 12/3 Neon Power Cord —
Blue, Model# NS514830 Bright NEON extension cord stands out for easy
identification. 12 Gauge, SJTW, 3 prong cord features super-flexible vinyl
jacket with a cold temperature rating of -31°F. LIGHTED connector indicates
when power is on. Cord is water and flame resistant and rated at 15 amps, 125V,
1875 watts, UL listed and meets OSHA standards – Northern Tool
I would like to think that these
articles become an asset to anyone who is new to detailing and to professionals
alike, as well as industry experts who seek to advance their knowledge.
I hope the above article was
informative. By having some understanding of the ‘What’ and ‘Why’ as well as
the ‘How’ along with a little science to help you understand how the chemicals
we use react, you can achieve the results you desire.
I would appreciate it if you would share this article
as it helps other detailers further their knowledge.
Questions and/ or constructive comments are always
appreciated.
Copyright
© 2002 - 2012 TOGWT® (Established 1980) all rights reserved
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