Wednesday 13 May 2015

Using Acids for Cleaning / Detailing




These descriptions are for illustrative purposes only; not a PhD chemical dissertation 

Be cognizant that a paint system is porous, so whatever you use will permeate the paint system matrix and that each time moisture and heat (reactivity) are added they re-activate the acid.

What is pH and what does it mean?
Any solution with a water base has a pH measurement. Simply put the potential of hydrogen (pH) scale is a set of numbers between 0 and 14 where 0 is the most acidic and 14 is the most alkaline (caustic) with 7 in the middle, being neutral. Conceptually, since most people in our industry are interested in the acid side of the system, the smaller the number, and the more acidic the system. 

Conversely a strong alkaline can be as corrosive as an acid

Unfortunately the scale is logarithmic, for every integer that the scale decreases the material is 10 times stronger. Those of us in earthquake country know all too well the consequences of a change of from 6 to 7 on the logarithmic, Richter scale. The difference in the pH scale is just as dramatic and therefore just as misleading.

Acids, Bases, and pH
There are several ways to define acids and bases, but pH only refers to hydrogen ion concentration and is only meaningful when applied to aqueous (water-based) solutions. When water dissociates it yields a hydrogen ion and a hydroxide.

Pure water is said to be neutral, with a pH close to 7.0 at 25. °C (77. °F) Solutions with a pH less than 7 are said to be acidic and solutions with a pH greater than 7 are said to be basic or alkaline.

Using Acids
See also Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
The lack of knowledge about chemicals exposes a system where environmental regulators largely rely on companies that profit from industrial chemicals to sound alarms about their safety. Questions about potential effects on human health and the environment often aren't raised until years after a chemical is introduced to the marketplace.

The paint used for modern clear coats is porous, which means an acid will permeate the paint matrix. If it is not neutralized with an alkaline it will be subject to reactivity every time moisture and heat come in contact with the surface

Material data sheets (MSDS)
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) is required under the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard. The MSDS is a detailed informational document prepared by the manufacturer or importer of a hazardous chemical.  It describes the physical and chemical properties of the product. MSDS’s contain useful information such as flash point, toxicity, procedures for spills and leaks, and storage guidelines.

Information included in a Material Safety Data Sheet aids in the selection of safe products, helps you understand the potential health and physical hazards of a chemical and describes how to respond effectively to exposure situations. Although there is an effort currently underway to standardize MSDS’s the quality of individual MSDS’s vary. A MSDS may be useful but it cannot substitute for prudent practices and comprehensive risk management.

An MSDS should be available for every chemical you use. Read these and follow the recommendations for safe use and disposal of the material. The target audience for information in a MSDS is the occupation worker who may be exposed to chemicals at work. However, much of the information is also relevant to consumers.

Read the manufacturers application instructions and then obtain and read the MSDS sheet to ascertain the chemicals used. Although it should be said that an MSDS is a document that contains details of the hazards associated with a particular chemical and provides information regarding its safe use. 

The MSDS is required to state the chemical's risks, safety and impact on the environment.
An MSDS is a fact sheet developed by manufacturers describing the chemical properties of a product. Material Safety Data Sheets include brand-specific information such as physical data (solid, liquid, colour, melting point, flash point, etc.), health effects, first aid, reactivity, storage, handling, disposal, personal protection and spill/leak procedures.

Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS)
Each CAS registry number (often referred to as CAS #) is a unique numeric identifier that designates only one substance; it has no specific chemical significance, but is a link to a wealth of information about a specific chemical substance.

Since CAS Registry Numbers are not dependent upon any system of chemical nomenclature, they can provide a reliable common link between the various nomenclatures terms used to describe substances. And serve as an international resource for chemical substance identifiers used by scientists, industry, and regulatory bodies

Notes:
1.        It is important to read and understand the MSDS, process specification, and technical data sheet before working with these products.
2.        Acid or highly alkaline wheel cleaner can prematurely age and damage calliper rubber seals
3.        Cleaners that are formulated with acid or a high alkali should not be used if the surface is compromised as it will permeate the surface and cause the l finish to fail and may also cause structural failure
4.        Permanent damage can result from the incorrect use of acid-based cleaners

Neutralised Acid Salt
Bases usually have an OH, Acids usually have an H, H+ OH form H2O the leftovers of the reactants form a salt. pH is the concentration of H ions in the solution. As the acid gets neutralized, more of the H ions combine with OH and form water lowering the H concentration and pH
Neutralization is the reaction between an acid and a base, producing a salt and neutralized base; common examples include acetic acid and sulphuric acid. This is the formulation used for a number of wheel surface ferrous removal cleaners (Ferrex, Sonax, IronX, and etc.)

Used for the removal of sintered metal particulates, this product is the best of both worlds; the cleaning power of an acid wheel cleaner with a (safe) pH of 7.5 by using a neutralised acid salt; neutralization is the reaction between an acid and a base (alkaline) producing a salt and neutralized base. 

Common examples include acetic acid and sulphuric acid, using moisture as a catalyst it causes an exothermic chemical reaction, loosening the sintered metal particles and forms a miscible emulsion that can be rinsed away. It starts off green, then red and then to blood red. Leave it to remain in place for a minute, agitate and rinse off.

Chemical Cleaning and Acid Neutralization

The ValuGard Neutralization System is the most recognized and approved chemical neutralization system in the industry.  In fact, major auto manufactures have issued technical service bulletins/advisories directing their dealers and port operations to use the ValuGard System for required repairs and pre-treatment for acid rain and industrial fallout repairs.  Safe for both the user and the environment, the ValuGard Neutralization System is VOC compliant

Vehicle manufacturer studies have shown that failure to remove environmental contaminants (like imbedded rail dust, acid rain, industrial fallout and other environmental contaminants) from paint film can cause premature degradation of the paint system. While clay products are useful for overspray, they cannot deep clean the surface and pores of the paint. This can only be accomplished through a thorough chemical cleaning and acid neutralization.

In fact, major auto manufactures have issued technical service bulletins/advisories directing their dealers and port operations to use the ValuGard Decontamination System for required repairs and pre-treatment for acid rain and industrial fallout repairs, safe for both the user and the environment.

Auto International’s Paint Neutralization System -a three step neutralization and wash system formulated to remove industrial fallout, rail dust, hard water deposits, acid rain residue and other forms of pollutants.

Benefits: Leaves paint surface uncontaminated for application of wax, polish or sealant. Allows for correct repair of superficial paint damage, reduces buff time on pre-owned vehicles.

Signs of Paint Surface Contamination-
          Dark coloured specks
          Brown or Orange (rust) coloured stains or specks
          Yellow stains
          Small metal coloured flecks
          Rough texture
          ‘Water spots’ or marks
          Surface etching
          Oxidation
          Paint ‘stains’
Ammonium Hydrogen Fluoride
Other names: Ammonium bifluoride - NH4HF2 (ABF) Ammonium hydro fluoride, Ammonium acid fluoride

[: Ammonium hydrogen fluoride is the inorganic compound with the formula NH4HF2. It is produced from ammonia and hydrogen fluoride]

One of the most common, and potentially dangerous, wheel cleaners; its effectiveness removing brake dust and difficult contaminants from chrome wheels is undisputed, but some chemists say ABF presents an unjustifiable and potentially lethal risk to carwash operators and their employees.
Industry experts say that the dangers of ABF are clearly outlined on the chemical's Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS), and many consciously ignore the obvious risks because ABF is cost effective and reliable. 

However, some manufacturers and operators worry that Ammonium bifluoride (ABF) is being marketed as a safe alternative to highly-corrosive Hydrofluoric acid (HF), even though the two chemicals pose nearly identical health risks. Experts say that some operators have been lead to believe that ABF is up to 20 times safer than HF and that this misinformation may be causing a time bomb at hundreds of car washes

Hydrofluoric acid (Hydrogen Chloride)
Historically called muriatic acid or spirits of salt that is a solution of hydrogen fluoride in water, it is corrosive, meaning it will have a detrimental (and sometimes unrecoverable effect on surfaces it’s applied too) and it is also highly poisonous. The application instructions usually state- ‘apply, but do not allow product to remain on the surface for more than 30 seconds before removal with a strong stream of water’.

Skin contact with concentrated hydrofluoric acid or inhalation of its vapour has caused many serious injuries, even death. Concentrated solutions of hydrofluoric acid pass quickly through the skin and cause deep, painful burns.  Dilute solutions also penetrate the skin, but it does not give the immediate burning sensation caused by the concentrated form of the acid, a user may tend to be less aware of the contact with the acid.

There are specific ordinance to enforce Hydrofluoric acid hazard spill control / exposure and treatment methods and specific materials, most of which are just not going to be in the enthusiast or even mobile detailer's toolkit, non-compliance can result in heavy penalties.

It also has the unique ability to dissolve almost all inorganic oxides. In the human body, hydrofluoric acid reacts with calcium and damages nerves, bone, and several organs including the heart and kidneys –
Hydrofluoric acid - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrofluoric_acid

Hydrofluoric Acid Burns, by Garry Wilkes, MBBS, FACEM, Director of Emergency 

Medicine - http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/773304-overview
               
Chemists say it's the Fluoride ions in HF and ABF (NH (4) F) that make many wheel cleaners and pre-soaks so potentially dangerous. Whether fluoride ions enter body tissues as the result of inhalation or skin contact, they cause deep, progressive burning that may quickly lead to multi-organ failure and death. Long-term exposure to even minimal amounts of ABF can lead to brittle bones, weight loss, anaemia, and calcified ligaments

Fluorine (F2) is a poisonous pale yellow gaseous element found in Group VII b (i.e. the Halogen Group of elements) of the periodic table. Fluorine is the most reactive element known. It reacts violently with water liberating oxygen and forming hydrofluoric acid (HF). Fluorine even reacts with some of the normally inert noble gases such as Krypton and Xenon.

Muriatic (Hydrochloric) Acid
Muriatic (Hydrochloric) acid is the solution of hydrogen chloride (HCl) in water. It is a highly corrosive, strong mineral acid and has major industrial uses i.e. cleaning algae and other stains from concrete and cleaning brickwork). Historically called muriatic acid or spirits of salt, hydrochloric acid was produced from vitriol and common salt.

Further relevant information

Technology Transfer Network - Air Toxics Web Site   http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/hlthef/hydrochl.html

Notes
1.        The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) rates and regulates hydrochloric acid as a toxic substance.

2.         Personal protective equipment (PPE) such as rubber or PVC gloves, protective eye goggles, and chemical-resistant clothing and shoes are used to minimize risks when handling hydrochloric acid

3.        The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) also recommend employers provide a series of gels, injections and pills to combat fluoride poisoning.
If these precautions sound extreme, think again. Lethal doses of ABF and HF are estimated between one teaspoon and one ounce. A fluoride burn covering less than two percent of the body can be fatal."

Meguiar's D140 Wheel Brightener is a strong acid, formulated with Ammonium bifluoride- SiO2 (ABF) and Quaternary ammonium salts are used as phase transfer catalysts for reactions involving immiscible solvent systems, such as the synthesis of dichlorocarbene with chloroform and sodium hydroxide. The addition of a molecule of water to a chemical compound, without forming any other products is known as hydration (i.e. dilution causes the pH to decrease)

But since pH is not a very good indicator of the strength of the acid in every system, this approach won't always produce the desired results. Original pH of Meguiar's Wheel Brightener = 5.06   

Dilution         Resultant (increase the acidity)
Ratio                         pH
(1:2)        4.75
(1:4)                        4.5 (as recommended by Meguiar's)
(1:10)                      4.25
(1:15)                      4.0

This product requires certain safety measures be taken; eye protection, respirator and gloves. You should only apply to cool wheels (or it will become a strong vapour, you’ll also need to wet down cement as it can stain it.)

Do not use this product if the clear coat on your wheel has been compromised by rock chips, hitting a curb etc. as it could permeate the clear coat (or polished wheel surface) fogging or permanently staining the surface. For these reasons Meguiar's markets this product to professionals (The statement made by Meguiar's is that it’s a ‘Professional Product’ whatever that means, as it can be purchased by anyone)

After reading this information, you may want to run the other way from products such as these. Wheel acids can still be used safely if certain precautions are taken. The first thing I look for is a product that does not have a large concentration level of any kind of acid. If the concentration level of HF even approaches 10%, I look for something else where the level is more in the 5% or less range. Sulphuric acids should be in the 10% or less range.

This automatically makes the product less aggressive to start. I also look for the pH level to be as high as possible. I don’t want anything less than a pH of 2.0 in any product I purchase. Remember, the more the number creeps toward the middle, or 7 on the pH scale, the more neutral it becomes, and the safer it is both for you and the metal surface

Notes
1.        The wheel surface stains left from using a strong acid-based cleaner should be wet-sanded and then polished; this will lighten the stains but not totally remove them.
2.        There is a thin line between effective cleaning and dangerous to use products; so before using any chemicals or solvents carefully read all of the cautions and medical information on the products container and / or MSDS.
3.        Always follow all of the manufacturer’s recommendations. Ensure that you wear eye protection and acid-proof gloves; this is mandatory. No matter how safe an acidic product is advertised, never run the risk of it splashing in your eye or permeating your skin.
4.        Use a product that has a low acid concentration level (i.e. Sulphuric, Phosphoric and Nitric acid. 10%, or less) with as low a pH level as you can find, this constitute a less aggressive product. Oxalic acid is relatively safer and yet still very effective to use on most wheels.
A wheel cleaner containing Oxalic acid is far safer yet still very effective to use on most wheels. It will do a far ‘better job than high alkaline cleaners, yet is nowhere near as harmful to the vehicle or yourself
5.        Acid is highly corrosive; the skull and crossbones warning on an acid label is there for a reason; acids will etch or erode anything in its path, they are also very effective in dissolving metals and etching glass.
6.        The dilution of an acid doesn't make it safer as the addition of a molecule of water to a chemical compound, without forming any other products is known as Hydration (it leaves the non-water component intact) dilution has no effect on the pH) But since pH is not a very good indicator of the strength of the acid in every system, this approach won't always produce the desired results.
7.        We typically talk about acid-base reactions in aqueous-phase environments; that is, in the presence of water. The most fundamental acid-base reaction is the dissociation of water (breaking down of a compound into its components to form ions from an ionic substance)
8.        A cleaner formulated with Oxalic acid is a safer yet still very effective cleaning chemical. It will do a better job than alkaline cleaners, but is nowhere near as harmful to the vehicle or yourself. Oxalic acid is a relatively strong "weak acid" Oxalic acid exhibits many of the reactions characteristic of other carboxylic acids, it’s a relatively strong organic acid, being about 10,000 times stronger than acetic acid (Vinegar pH 2).This acid still needs to be handled with care and diluted correctly, but it’s safer than Hydrofluoric acid yet a very effective alternative.
9.        Do not confuse hydrochloric acid (HCL) with hydrofluoric (HF, has a pH of 3.14) acid because of the similarity of names. On the skin, hydrochloric acid burns from the outside in. Hydrofluoric acid solution readily penetrates the skin and burns both skin and deeper tissues. If enough acid is absorbed, it may lethally affect the heart and nervous system.
10.     Ammonium hydrogen fluoride NH4HF2 (or Ammonium bifluoride SiO2(ABF) is miss-classified as the safe alternative to hydrogen fluoride, once mixed with water it becomes hydrogen fluoride one of the most common, and dangerous, acid wheel cleaners used in automatic car washes today. Its effectiveness removing brake dust and difficult contaminants from wheels is undisputed, but most chemists say Ammonium bifluoride presents an unjustifiable and potentially lethal risk.
11.     Always check the products MSDS and its pH value before you use it. It is always preferable that you use a 100% acid-free product with a pH of 7.5 – 8.0

Neutralization of acids and bases
Sodium bicarbonate or sodium hydrogen carbonate is the chemical compound with the formula NaHCO3Many laboratories keep a bottle of sodium bicarbonate powder within easy reach, because sodium bicarbonate is amphoteric, reacting with acids and bases. Furthermore, as it is relatively innocuous in most situations, there is no harm in using excess sodium bicarbonate.
Mix a small amount, about half a cup of sodium bicarbonate and a little water to make a fairly thick paste; spread it on the affected surface working it around well and let it sit for 0.5 – 0.75 hour, remove, rinse and dry.

I hope this article has given you some insight into the hundreds of chemical products the auto detailing industry has available. Good detailing requires a little knowledge of chemistry and to this end I hope I have provided you with enough information to understand at least the basics of cleaning and detailing using chemicals.

Alternative products –
Europe's famous automakers; BMW, Mercedes, Porsche, Audi, VW and Volvo all use and recommend P21S® Wheel Cleaners to remove brake dust and road grime from their alloy wheels Developed in 1976 by a German chemist, P21S is a safe, pH-controlled, and non-acid, non-lye based detergent that provides terrific cleaning and guarantees not to damage any type of wheel: painted, clear-coated, polished or anodized. 

Material data sheets (MSDS)
Be aware of dangerous ingredients and request Materials Safety and Data Sheets (MSDS) from the manufacturer if there is any question.

Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) is required under the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard. The MSDS is a detailed informational document prepared by the manufacturer or importer of a hazardous chemical.  It describes the physical and chemical properties of the product. MSDS’s contain useful information such as flash point, toxicity, procedures for spills and leaks, and storage guidelines.

Information included in a Material Safety Data Sheet aids in the selection of safe products, helps you understand the potential health and physical hazards of a chemical and describes how to respond effectively to exposure situations. Although there is an effort currently underway to standardize MSDS’s the quality of individual MSDS’s vary. A MSDS may be useful but it cannot substitute for prudent practices and comprehensive risk management.

An MSDS should be available for every chemical you use. Read these and follow the recommendations for safe use and disposal of the material. The target audience for information in a MSDS is the occupation worker who may be exposed to chemicals at work. However, much of the information is also relevant to consumers.

Read the manufacturers application instructions and then obtain and read the MSDS sheet to ascertain the chemicals used. Although it should be said that an MSDS is a document that contains details of the hazards associated with a particular chemical and provides information regarding its safe use. The MSDS is required to state the chemical's risks, safety and impact on the environment.
An MSDS is a fact sheet developed by manufacturers describing the chemical properties of a product. Material Safety Data Sheets include brand-specific information such as physical data (solid, liquid, colour, melting point, flash point, etc.), health effects, first aid, reactivity, storage, handling, disposal, personal protection and spill/leak procedures.

Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS)
Each CAS registry number (often referred to as CAS #) is a unique numeric identifier that designates only one substance; it has no specific chemical significance, but is a link to a wealth of information about a specific chemical substance. Since CAS Registry Numbers are not dependent upon any system of chemical nomenclature, they can provide a reliable common link between the various nomenclatures terms used to describe substances. And serve as an international resource for chemical substance identifiers used by scientists, industry, and regulatory bodies

Environmental Commitment
Contamination of surface waters arises from the rinseate discharging to storm drains, which in turn most commonly drain to rivers and lakes. Chief pollutants include phosphates; cleaning chemicals (degreasers, etc.) oil and grease. This is almost exclusively an issue for home/driveway washing. You should never assume that aqueous solutions can be disposed of untreated via the storm drainage system. Pending regulations are in place (Clean Water Act and Ground Water Pollution) to limit the amount of contaminated water that is allowed to be discharged into storm water systems (i.e. street vehicle washing)

Always dispose of all non-biodegradable materials from your vehicle cleaning in a responsible manner. Waste run-off must be disposed of in accordance with federal, state and local environmental control regulations.

Disposal of Aqueous Solutions
One should never assume that aqueous solutions can be disposed of down the drain. The storm drain system takes all the water from outside homes and businesses (rain, over watering of lawns) and sends it untreated straight to our local creeks, rivers, bays and eventually the ocean. The storm drain system is designed as a flood control system to allow water from heavy rainstorms to flow quickly to our waterways to avoid flooding of our streets, homes and businesses.  

However, the rainwater can pick up pollutants as large as shopping carts or as microscopic as pesticides and fertilizer and flush it all into our waterways damaging the fish, plants and other living things in our eco-system.

With few exceptions, it is illegal for anyone to throw, dispose of or allow anything other than rainwater into the storm drains. Try to divert car wash water to a landscaped or planted area. Your local water treatment authority or publicly owned treatment works will have information on treatment and disposal of these cleaners. Adjustment of pH and dilution are usually required before disposal to a drain. Always comply with current water usage and disposal regulations / water usage restrictions.
A car care product may be biodegradable and environmentally safe but just remember the dirt, oil and road grease you are cleaning with it are not, once rinsed off the vehicle paint surface the resultant solution is no longer biodegradable and environmentally safe

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Protection from Potential Health Hazards
1.        Warning: Always use ground fault protection interruption (GFPI) when using any electrical device around water
2.        Eye Protection: I would strongly advise the wearing of safety glasses or visor when operating any machine polisher.
3.        Ear Protection; the constant pitch of a polishing machine could affect your hearing so wearing ear plugs would be wise to protect you from hearing loss.
4.        Hand Protection; Gloves- with the verity of chemicals a detailer uses on a daily basis wearing chemical-resistant gloves resist penetration and permeation, and will provide protection against dermatitis and chemical burns. Gloves can provide protection, but they must be chosen with care, the proper selection matched to the hazard is critical. Chemical-resistant gloves resist penetration and permeation, and cam protect against dermatitis, chemical burns and corrosion.
5.        Respiratory Protection (N95): Materials such as aluminium oxide (Aluminium oxide is on EPA's TRI list if it is a fibrous form) or silicon carbide (Nuisance particulate-Accumulation in lungs) used in polishes and compounds, and powdered fillers (Crystalline silica poses a serious inhalation hazard because it can cause silicosis) and Isocyanate clear coat residue represent a hazard to your lungs and may cause respiratory distress. Use  a NIOSH-approved half face respirator equipped with a combination filter cartridge should be worn while using them
6.        Consult the current 3M Respiratory Selection Guide for additional information or call 1-800-243-4630 for 3M technical assistance.
7.        Material Safety Data Sheets:  Use a ring binder or other filing system to ensure the appropriate MSDS is always available to identify hazardous substances
8.        Work Hygienic Practices: Rinse cloves under running water before removing them
9.        Protect yourself, work safe. As in all things, allow common sense to prevail and proceed with due caution

Bibliography

1.        U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB, online database). National Toxicology Information Program, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD. 1993.
2.        M. Sittig. Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens 2nd ed. Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ. 1985.
3.        The Merck Index. An Encyclopaedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biological 11th ed. Ed. S. Budavari Merck and Co. Inc., Rahway, NJ 1989
4.        U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) on Hydrogen Chloride National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC 1999
5.        U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS, online database) National Toxicology Information Program, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD 1993.
6.        California Environmental Protection Agency (CalEPA) Air Toxics Hot Spots Program Risk Assessment Guidelines: Part III.  Technical Support Document for the Determination of Noncancerous Chronic Reference Exposure Levels SRP Draft Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, Berkeley, CA. 1999
7.        American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH).  1999 TLVs and BEIs Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents Biological Exposure Indices.  Cincinnati, OH.  1999.
8.        National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).  Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards.  U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.  Cincinnati, OH.  1997.
9.        Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA).  Occupational Safety and Health Standards, Toxic and Hazardous Substances Code of Federal Regulations 29 CFR 1910.1000 1998
10.     American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA).  The AIHA 1998 Emergency Response Planning Guidelines and Workplace Environmental Exposure Level Guides Handbook 1998

Information resource
1.        Wikipedia® Encyclopaedia
2.        Chemistry Definitions (Terminology) Hamilton
3.        Glossary of Chemical Terms - Faculty of Chemical Technology
4.        Scorecard provides detailed information on more than 11,200 chemicals
5.        Common Chemistry™ - http://www.commonchemistry.org/
6.        National Petrochemical & Refiners Association (NPRA)
7.        The Royal Society of Chemistry; Cambridge, 1995 Silicon-Containing Polymers Jones, Richard, G.
8.        The American Solvents Council (ASC) Annual Occupational Hygiene, Vol. 40, No.6, pp. 705-710, 1996.
9.        Center for Disease Control and Prevention - http://www.cdc.gov/Workplace/

I would like to think that these articles become an asset to anyone who is new to detailing and to professionals alike, as well as industry experts who seek to advance their knowledge.

I hope the above article was informative. By having some understanding of the ‘What’ and ‘Why’ as well as the ‘How’ along with a little science to help you understand how the chemicals we use react, you can achieve the results you desire.

I would appreciate it if you would share this article as it helps other detailers further their knowledge.
Questions and/ or constructive comments are always appreciated.


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